Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

The Metropolitan Museum of Art



  • The Belles Heures of Jean of France, Duc of Berry, 1406–8 or 1409
    Herman, Paul, and Jean Limbourg (Franco-Netherlandish, active in France, by 1399–1416)
    French; Made in Paris
    Ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum

    9 3/8 x 6 5/8 in. (23.8 x 16.8 cm)
    The Cloisters Collection, 1954 (54.1.1)

    Folio 30r
    The Annunciation

    Completed by 1408 or 1409, probably in Paris, The Belles Heures, a private devotional book, was the first of several sumptuous manuscripts commissioned by the duke of Berry from the Limbourg brothers, Pol, Jean, and Herman. It is perhaps the only virtually complete and stylistically consistent prayer book to survive from the duke's extraordinary library. The richly illustrated text is amplified by unusual cycles reflecting the duke's personal interests. Using a luminous palette, the artists blended an intimate Northern vision of nature with Italianate modes of figural articulation. The keen interest in the natural world and the naturalistic means of representing it, so striking in ninety-four full-page and fifty-four column illuminations, foreshadow the work of Jan van Eyck and the ensuing generations of outstanding fifteenth-century painters in the South Lowlands.

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  • The Belles Heures of Jean of France, Duc of Berry, 1406–8 or 1409
    Herman, Paul, and Jean Limbourg (Franco-Netherlandish, active in France, by 1399–1416)
    French; Made in Paris
    Ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum

    9 3/8 x 6 5/8 in. (23.8 x 16.8 cm)
    The Cloisters Collection, 1954 (54.1.1)

  • Folio 142r
    Crucifixion with Christ Offered Vinegar

  • Folio 20r
    Angels Carry the Body of St. Catherine to Mount Sinai

  • Folio 223v
    The Duke of Berry on a Journey

  • Folio 1r
    Ex Libris of the Duke de Berry by Jean Flamel

  • Folio 91v
    Jean, duc of Berry, in Prayer

  • Folio 63r
    The Flight into Egypt

  • Folio 17v
    Saint Catherine of Alexandria's Wounds are Anointed by the Angels

  • Folio 74v
    Procession of Flagellants