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Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1991.

Hourani, Albert, Philip S. Khoury, and Mary C. Wilson, eds. The Modern Middle East: A Reader. London: Tauris, 1993.

Porterfield, Todd. The Allure of Empire: Art in the Service of French Imperialism, 1798–1836. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998.

Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1978.

Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. Rev. and updated ed. Reading, U.K.: Ithaca Press, 1998.

Anatolia and the Caucasus

Abrahamian, Levon, and Nancy Sweezy, eds. Armenian Folk Arts, Culture, and Identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.

Ali, Wijdan. Modern Islamic Art: Development and Continuity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.

Çelik, Zeynep. Displaying the Orient: Architecture of Islam at Nineteenth-Century World's Fairs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Holod, Renata, and Ahmet Evin, eds. Modern Turkish Architecture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.

Polk, William R., and Richard L. Chambers, eds. Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Renda, Günsel, and C. Max Kortepeter, eds. The Transformation of Turkish Culture: The Atatürk Legacy. Princeton: Kingston Press, 1986.

Renda, Günsel, et al. A History of Turkish Painting. Geneva: Palasar in association with the University of Washington Press, 1988.

Arabian Peninsula and Eastern Mediterranean

Ali, Wijdan. Modern Islamic Art: Development and Continuity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.

Arabi, Asaad, ed. Artistes contemporains de Bahreïn / Contemporary Bahraini Artists. Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe, 1999.

Atassi, Mouna, and Samir Sayegh. Contemporary Art in Syria, 1898–1998. Damascus: Gallery Atassi, 1998.

Bailey, David A., and Gilane Tawadros, eds. Veil: Veiling, Representation, and Contemporary Art. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003.

Faraj, Maysaloun, ed. Strokes of Genius: Contemporary Iraqi Art. London: Saqi Books, 2001.

Goodman, Susan T., et al. After Rabin: New Art from Israel. New York: Jewish Museum, 1998.

Lebanon—The Artist's View: 200 Years of Painting. London: British Lebanese Association, 1989.

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Nashashibi, Salwa Mikdadi, et al. Forces of Change: Artists of the Arab World. Lafayette Calif.: International Council for Women in the Arts; Washington, D.C: National Museum of Women in the Arts, 1994.

Nashashibi, Salwa Mikdadi. Rhythm and Form: Visual Reflections on Arabic Poetry. Lafayette, Calif.: Cultural & Visual Arts Resources/ICWA, 1997.

Ofrat, Gideon. One Hundred Years of Art in Israel. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998.

Omer, Mordechai, ed. Contemporary Israeli Art: Three Generations. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 1998.

Tohme, Christine, ed. Home Works: A Forum on Cultural Practices in the Region: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. Beirut: Ashkal Alwan, Lebanese Association for Plastic Arts, 2003.

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Central and North Asia

Bacon, Elizabeth E. Central Asians under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980.

Kalter, Johannes, and Margareta Pavaloi, eds. Uzbekistan: Heirs to the Silk Road. London: Thames & Hudson, 1997.

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Egypt and North Africa

Ali, Wijdan. Modern Islamic Art: Development and Continuity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.

Benjamin, Roger. Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa, 1880–1930. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Çelik, Zeynep. Displaying the Orient: Architecture of Islam at Nineteenth-Century World's Fairs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Deliss, Clémentine, ed. Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa. New York: Flammarion, 1995.

Jereb, James F. Arts and Crafts of Morocco. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1996.

Karnouk, Liliane. Contemporary Egyptian Art. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1995.

Karnouk, Liliane. Modern Egyptian Art: The Emergence of a National Style. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1988.

Louati, Ali. L'aventure de l'art moderne en Tunisie (The Adventure of Modern Art in Tunisia). Tunis: Simpact Editions, 1997.

Polk, William R., and Richard L. Chambers, eds. Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Romdhane, N. Ben. "Art et artistes coloniaux." In La peinture européenne en Tunisie sous le protectorat (European Painting in Tunisia under the [French] Protectorate). Tunis: Centre d'Art Vivant de la Ville de Tunis, 1989.

Sijelmassi, Mohamed. L'art contemporain au Maroc (Contemporary Art in Morocco). Paris: ACR, 1989.

Iran

Balaghi, Shiva, and Lynn Gumpert, eds. Picturing Iran: Art, Society, and Revolution. London: I. B. Tauris, 2002.

Daftari, Fereshteh. "Beyond Islamic Roots—Beyond Modernism." Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics 43 (Spring 2003).

Diba, Layla S., with Maryam Ekhtiar, eds. Royal Persian Paintings: The Qajar Epoch, 1785–1925. London: I. B. Tauris, 1998.

Issa, Rose, Ruyin Pakbaz, and Daryush Shayegan. Iranian Contemporary Art. London: Barbican Art and Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001.

Raby, Julian. Qajar Portraits. London: I. B. Tauris, 1999.