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Pectoral, 9th–2nd century B.C.
Peru (Chavín)
Hammered gold; W. 9 1/4 in. (23.5 cm)
Jan Mitchell and Sons Collection, Gift of Jan Mitchell, 1999 (1999.365)

Description

The earliest significant works in gold known from Peru are those in Chavín style, which is identified with the north, primarily the Jequetepeque and Lambayeque valleys and adjacent highland Andean areas. Found in the burials of high-ranking individuals, the gold objects are principally personal ornaments of types long favored by ancient Peruvian peoples: adornments for the neck and chest, for the center of the forehead, and for the nose and ears. This pectoral, of generalized cross shape, was perhaps attached to a leather or textile support through the pair of holes at the center. At the ends of the two larger projections are profile bird's heads in mirror image, which meet at the neck. When the pectoral is rotated ninety degrees, however, the two heads become a single image, appearing as the frontal face of a wide-nosed animal with no lower jaw. Such intricacy of design is characteristic of Chavín art, in which patterns intermix and overlap and are meant to be read from multiple viewpoints. Fanged faces, with either feline or serpent references, are commonly used in these patterns, as are bird elements, particularly those of raptors.

(Entry written by Julie Jones)

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