Ibulu lya 'alunga (head of 'alunga) helmet mask

Two pairs of large, concave eyes with protruding, starburst pupils define the distinctive form of this helmet mask. The materialization of an ancient forest spirit, it commands knowledge guarded and transmitted by a society known as 'alunga. Emblematic of 'alunga’s omniscience, the penetrating gazes are oriented in either direction. Such masks were likely introduced to Bembe communities by earlier inhabitants of the region who performed a precursor of this tradition to protect and regulate honey production.

Housed in a remote cave when not in use, alunga masks were performed to punctuate initiation rites and enforce order within a community. On such occasions the carved headpiece would be integrated into a tiered raffia fiber ensemble crowned with a dramatic crest of feathers and porcupine quills. This imposing presence was augmented by the mask’s booming "voice" and an attendant who warned of its approach while wielding a special knife.