This arresting picture was made after Gérôme returned to Paris from a twelve-week journey to the Near East in 1868. He was at the height of his career when he dressed a model in his studio with garments and accessories he had acquired abroad. The artist’s Turkish title for this picture—which translates as "headless"—evokes the poorly paid auxiliary soldiers who fought ferociously for plunder under Ottoman leadership, although it is difficult to imagine this man charging into battle wearing such an exquisite silk tunic. Gérôme’s virtuosic treatment of textures provides a sumptuous counterpoint to the figure’s dignified bearing.
Gérôme specialized in a brand of photographic realism which, from the 1840s onward, distinguished him from the increasingly stale Neoclassical style promulgated by the followers of Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. In 1859, Gérôme began a long and prosperous relationship with the dealer and art publisher Adolphe Goupil, and his success in the newly-established private marketplace liberated him from State commissions and submission to the Salon, although he continued to exhibit there. With Gérôme, the romanticism of earlier artists such as Delacroix and Ingres gives way to the very contemporary objective of recreating the subject depicted rather than evoking it.
Gérôme toured Egypt and Asia Minor from January 1 to April 13, 1868; his companions included Edmond About, who composed a novel about it (Le Fellah, 1869, dedicated to Gérôme), the journalist Frédéric Masson, the painter Léon Bonnat, and Gérôme's brother-in-law Albert Goupil, an amateur photographer. It is probable that he began work on this canvas in the months following his return to France, and it was completed by March 1869. As the Gérôme scholar Gerald Ackerman has observed, the artist’s Orientalist pictures were not necessarily painted or even conceived abroad, and many of them were executed in his studio using props acquired on his travels.
"Bashi-Bazouks were irregular Turkish troops of the Ottoman Empire. They were not paid for their services, but lived from plunder, and were especially feared for their ferocity" (Ackerman 1986, p. 83). Bashi-bazouk is the transliteration of a Turkish term whose literal definition is "broken-head," a reference to the reckless behavior of these soldiers of fortune; but the term may be translated idiomatically as "headless," because this takes into account the fact that the soldiers were not bound by a strict or disciplined hierarchy. The subject held obvious appeal throughout the nineteenth century: an example by Charles Bargue, dated 1875, is also in The Metropolitan Museum (87.15.102). Similar figures were included in many of Gérôme's paintings, alone and in groups, but none is as arresting an image as this. The expanse of pink silk across the figure's back, shoulders, and arms, combined with the shadow that hides his eyes, disperses and softens the visual impact of the many details of his costume. The figure's aloofness is a byproduct of the illusion that he has not yielded himself entirely to the painter, which endows him with a proud dignity. Photographic reproductions of the Wrightsman painting were circulated by Goupil, Gérôme's dealer, as early as 1869 or 1870 (Tinterow and Miller 2005, p. 390, fig. 1).
Although the distinguished collector Samuel Putnam Avery bought this painting in 1873, it drew considerable attention when a subsequent owner, Henry T. Cox, lent it to the 1884 exhibition organized to raise money for the pedestal for Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor (Exh. Brooklyn 1884). As noted by a critic for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1884): "A strong contrast to the handling of Munkacsy is the finished but powerful handling of Gerome [sic], seen in the Loan exhibition through a good sized canvas hung on the wall opposite the Assembly Room, and showing a half-length portrait of ‘A Bashi-Bazouk.’ The swarthy features of the fellow are shown partially in profile, and the dark color of the skin is brought out against the still darker background. He wears a loose, light silk tunic and a tall, elaborately decorated turban, while above one arm protrude the handles of two or three weapons. There is a great deal of character and dramatic power in the picture, and although not large it is an admirable example of the famous artist."
[2014; adapted from Tinterow and Miller 2005]
Inscription: Signed (left margin): J. L. GEROME
the artist (sold in March 1869 for Fr 4,000 to Goupil); [Goupil & Cie, Paris, 1869; stock no. 4028, as "Un Bachibouzouk. Étude grandeur nature"; sold in March for Fr 7,500 (£500) to Wallis]; [Henry Wallis of The French Gallery, London, 1869–73; sold on July 21, 1873 for £550 to Avery]; Samuel Putnam Avery, New York (from 1873); Henry T. Cox, Brooklyn (by about 1880–d. 1899; his estate, 1899–1902; his estate sale, American Art Galleries, New York, January 17, 1902, no. 72, for $1,600 to J. Offner [or Opper]); J. Offner (or Opper) (from 1902); sale, Sotheby's, London, June 23, 1981, no. 29, for £88,000 to Koch; William I. Koch, Boston (1981–94; sold to Acquavella); [Acquavella Galleries, New York, 1994; sold to Wrightsman]; Mrs. Charles Wrightsman, New York (1994–2008)
Paris. Cercle de l'Union Artistique. "Exhibition of Cercle de l'Union Artistique," 1869 (possibly this picture) [see Ackerman 2000].
London. French Gallery. "Eighteenth Annual Winter Exhibition," November 1870, no. 25 [see Athenaeum 1870].
Brooklyn Art Association. "Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Statue Pedestal Fund," January 10–February 2, 1884, no. 71 (as "A Bachi Bouzouch," lent by Mr. H. T. Cox).
London. Royal Academy of Arts. "The Orientalists: Delacroix to Matisse: European Painters in North Africa and the Near East," March 24–May 27, 1984, no. 34 (as "A Bashibazuk [Un Bashi-Bazouk]," anonymous loan to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).
Washington. National Gallery of Art. "The Orientalists: Delacroix to Matisse: European Painters in North Africa and the Near East," July 1–October 28, 1984, no. 34.
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Fictions of Emancipation: Carpeaux Recast," March 10, 2022–March 5, 2023, unnumbered cat. (colorpl. 31).
THIS WORK MAY NOT BE LENT, BY TERMS OF ITS ACQUISITION BY THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART.
"Winter Exhibition at the French Gallery." Athenæum no. 2246 (November 12, 1870), p. 631, as "A Bachi-Bouzouck".
Samuel Putnam Avery Sr. Journal entry. July 21, 1873 [published in Madeleine Fidell Beaufort et al., eds., "The Diaries, 1871–1882, of Samuel P. Avery, Art Dealer," New York, 1979, p. 187], notes that he purchased this work from Wallis for £550.
Edward Strahan [Earl Shinn]. The Art Treasures of America. Luxury ed. Philadelphia, [ca. 1880], vol. 3, p. 124, as in Henry T. Cox's collection in Brooklyn.
"Opened: The Loan Exhibition for the Bartholdi Pedestal." Brooklyn Daily Eagle (January 10, 1884), p. 2.
"Propitious: The First Day of the Bartholdi Loan Exhibition." Brooklyn Daily Eagle (January 11, 1884), p. 2.
"The Bartholdi Statue: Brooklyn's Loan Exhibition of Paintings in Aid of the Pedestal Fund." New York Times (January 13, 1884), p. 6.
"Brooklyn's Art Collections." The Collector 1 (January 1, 1890), p. 34, discusses Cox's "exceptional specimens" by the artist.
"J. L. Gérôme in American Collections." The Collector 1 (September 1, 1890), p. 150, as "A Bashi Bazouk" in the Cox collection.
Fanny Field Hering. Gérôme: The Life and Works of Jean Léon Gérôme. New York, 1892, p. 211.
Henry W. B. Howard with Arthur N. Jervis, ed. The Eagle and Brooklyn: The Record of the Progress of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Issued in Commemoration of Its Semi-Centennial and Occupancy of Its New Building; Together with the History of the City of Brooklyn from Its Settlement to the Present Time. Proof Edition. Brooklyn, 1893, vol. 2, pp. 791–92, calls it a "magnificent example of this great artist" and notes that the figure's "soft, smooth, dark-brown skin is contrasted with his many colored turban, and his worn satin cloak—the sheen and texture of which is marvelously shown".
Sotheby's. Art at Auction: The Year at Sotheby's 1980–81: Two Hundred and Forty-Seventh Season. London, 1981, p. 82, ill. (color), notes that it sold in London in 1981 for £88,000 ($182,160) and that bashi-bazouks were "renowned for their ferocity and gaudy dress".
Lynne Thornton. Les Orientalistes: Peintres voyageurs, 1828–1908. Paris, 1983, p. 120, ill. (color) [English ed., 1983].
Gerald M. Ackerman. The Life and Work of Jean-Léon Gérôme, with a catalogue raisonné. London, 1986, p. 226, no. 193, ill. pp. 79 and 227 (color and bw), calls it "Black Bashi-Bazouk" and "Bachi-Bouzouk nègre," dates it 1869, and states that it is an anonymous loan to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
19th Century European Paintings, Drawings and Sculpture. Sotheby's, New York. October 27, 1988, unpaginated, under no. 55, states that the painting is on loan to the National Gallery of Art, Washington.
Gerald M. Ackerman. Jean-Léon Gérôme: Monographie révisée, catalogue raisonné mis à jour. 2nd rev. ed. [1st ed., 1986]. Paris, 2000, p. 272, no. 193, ill. pp. 84, 273 (color and black and white), calls it "Bachi-Bouzouk nègre" and dates it 1869.
Stephen R. Edidin inGérôme & Goupil: Art and Enterprise. Exh. cat., Musée Goupil, Bordeaux. Paris, 2000, pp. 125–26, under no. 79, ill., p. 157 [French ed., 2000].
Gary Tinterow and Asher Ethan Miller inThe Wrightsman Pictures. Ed. Everett Fahy. New York, 2005, pp. 390–92, no. 110, ill. (color and black and white), note that "Bashi-bazouk" is the transliteration of a Turkish term meaning "headless"; state that this picture was probably begun by the middle of 1868 and completed by March 1869; reproduce the Goupil & Cie photograph of the picture and state that it was available for purchase until at least April 1904 (1869–70, Galerie Photographique no. 753, Musée Goupil, Bordeaux).
Adrienne L. Childs. "The Black Exotic: Tradition and Ethnography in Nineteenth-Century Orientalist Art." PhD diss., University of Maryland, 2005, pp. 101–2, fig. 23.
Everett Fahy inPhilippe de Montebello and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977–2008. New York, 2009, p. 33.
Alan C. Braddock. Thomas Eakins and the Cultures of Modernity. Berkeley, 2009, pp. 53, 62, fig. 15, without providing documentary evidence, identifies the model as a member of the African diaspora who worked in Paris for academic painters.
Gary Tinterow in "Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: 2008–2010." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 68 (Fall 2010), p. 58, ill. (color).
Sophie Makariou and Charlotte Maury inThe Spectacular Art of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904). Ed. Laurence des Cars, Dominique de Font-Réaulx, and Edouard Papet. Exh. cat., J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Paris, 2010, p. 260, fig. 122 (color).
The Orientalist Sale. Sotheby's, London. April 8, 2014, p. 16, under no. 6, fig. 1 (color), illustrates it in the the entry for "Bashi-Bazouk" (MMA 2014.435.1).
Sidonie Lemeux-Fraitot. L'orientalisme. Paris, 2015, ill. p. 284 (color).
Kathryn Calley Galitz. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Masterpiece Paintings. New York, 2016, p. 438, no. 359, ill. pp. 368, 438 (color).
Zain Abdullah. "The Art of Black Muslim Lives." The Muslim World 110 (July 2020), pp. 274, 281–92, 297, 302–4, figs. 4, 6, 11 (color, overall, framed, and detail on Met guidebook cover), states that the figure carries his weapons much too high; cites his correspondence with Denis A. Sheremetev, a curator of the arsenal of the Russian Museum of Ethnography, St. Petersburg, who identifies the gun depicted as atypical of Istanbul due to its round, rather than octagonal, cross-section and short fore end; states that the portrait was "invented" in the artist's studio after his return to Paris and that it is not a portrait of a particular person encountered on travels in the Muslim world; highlights the image's duality of sensuality and violence; suggests that it might have been the "Bashi-Bazouk" owned by Vanderbilt (probably Ackerman 186).
Sebastian Smee. "A Masterpiece with a Complicated Afterlife." Washington Post (December 30, 2020), ill. (color) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/entertainment/jean-leon-gerome-bashi-bazouk/], states that the artist painted this work in Paris, dressing a local model in garments he acquired in Egypt; notes, in this context, that the Batignolles and Opéra districts in Paris were home to formerly enslaved people and people of color with roots in Africa and the Caribbean, some of whom modeled for Gérôme; muses that with the model's "powerful sense of interiority . . . he belongs in a novel"; discusses the painting's provenance.
Ali Ozçelik. "Afrika Cöllerinden Bati Anadolu Dağlarina, Kölelikten Eşkiyaliğa: Afro Zeybekler." Atatürk ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Dergisi/Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic no. 8 (2021), p. 418, colorpl. 1, states that Gérôme was one of a number of European painters who depicted Afro-Zeybeks and referred to them as "baschi bozouk" [sic] and illustrates the painting as as the "Afro Başibozuk" by Gérôme.
James Smalls inFictions of Emancipation: Carpeaux's "Why Born Enslaved!" Reconsidered. Ed. Elyse Nelson and Wendy S. Walters. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 2022, p. 71, states that, in posing a black model in the costume of a bashi-bazouk, "the painter did not seek to record this culture but rather to reconstitute it through the prism of European imperialism".
Rachel Hunter Himes inFictions of Emancipation: Carpeaux's "Why Born Enslaved!" Reconsidered. Ed. Elyse Nelson and Wendy S. Walters. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 2022, p. 107.
Fictions of Emancipation: Carpeaux's "Why Born Enslaved!" Reconsidered. Ed. Elyse Nelson and Wendy S. Walters. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 2022, p. 130, colorpl. 31.
Dalila Meenen. "L'Orient américain: La figure de l'Amérindien entre transpositions iconographiques et discours impérialistes." Revue de l'art no. 22 (April 2023), pp. 28, 31 n. 36, fig. 17 (color), notes that the painting would have been known to George de Forest Brush, as it was in American collections from the early 1870s on.
Meredith Martin. "De New-York à Nantes: L'esclavage au musée." Revue de l'art no. 222 (April 2023), fig. 3 [exhibition installation shot].
A photograph of the painting is mounted into the "Recueil; oeuvres de Jean-Léon Gérôme," vol. 9, no. 7, as "Bachi-Bouzouk nègre"; Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, inv. no. DC- 293 (A+, 9) -FT4. This is one of twenty-eight albums containing photographs of paintings by Gérôme presented by his widow to the library (see Ackerman 1986).
This work may not be lent, by terms of its acquisition by The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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