Seal Ring with Inscription

Gold Ring

It is not improbable that the cast gold and jade seal ring illustrated here developed out of the type of ring represented by MMA no. 1976.405 since they have several important features in common: the technique of casting followed by a significant amount of chasing; shanks that have zoomorphic terminals and are decorated on two levels; and a lozenge adorning the exterior center of the shank. Rings with a large bezel whose lower section is in the form of an inverted cone were in vogue during this period.

Furthermore, the great similarity of the dragons here flanking the bezel to those on the handles of a series of brass and jade jugs dated or datable to the fifteenth century and the first quarter of the sixteenth provides strong evidence for the dating of the ring to this period. Additionally, the inscription on the sealstone contains a prayer to 'Ali, nephew of the prophet Muhammad that appears on several objects of the later fifteenth century and early sixteenth (including MMA 91.1.607, a brass jug of the abovementioned type). The type of sealstone in this ring represents the earliest Islamic group made of jade, and is associated with the fifteenth-century school of jade vessel manufacture perhaps centered at Herat.

[Jenkins and Keene 1983]


Signet Ring

One of a group of metal and jeweled objects attributed to the turn of the sixteenth century, this ring has a flat, light green nephrite stone set into a gold shank that is cast in the shape of two dragons’ heads. The stone is in the form of a seal, with its inscriptions carved in reverse. Inscriptional stone seals of a circular, flat-cut format, divided into halves or quarters and sometimes framed within a square at the center, can be historically traced to the fifteenth century.[2]

Although the dragon-shaped shank and nephrite seal point to Timurid patronage, the content of the Arabic and Persian inscriptions can also link the ring to the early Safavid period. Comparing it to a brass jug in the Museum’s collection (no. 91.1.607), Linda Komaroff argued that this specific Shi‘i invocation to ‘Ali (the only legitimate successor to the Prophet, according to Shi‘is) appears on both works as well as on coins dating to the years 1501–24 of Isma‘il I’s reign.[3] She contended that this invocation is not seen on objects of the Timurid period and is rarely found on works immediately following the rule of Shah Isma‘il. Other scholars, however, believe that it is equally possible for a Shi‘i or even Sunni patron under Timurid rule to have commissioned a ring inscribed with an invocation to ‘Ali.[4] In fact, both Sunnis and Shi‘is were devoted to ‘Ali and—given the increasing wave of sufi beliefs and rituals during the second half of the fifteenth century—it is not unusual for a Timurid object to contain invocations to ‘Ali and other Shi‘i personages. Thus, this ring could tentatively be dated somewhere between the second half of the fifteenth and the first half of the sixteenth century.

A close reading of the inscriptions has been instrumental in shedding light on the intention and meaning of the ring. The thuluth inscription on the bezel underneath the stone, where it touches the wearer’s skin, most probably contains a reference to the Prophet and adds another talismanic element to the object. Associated with Central Asia for centuries, nephrite (yashm) was highly prized at the Timurid and Safavid courts. It was believed to have apotropaic properties capable of protecting its wearer from harm and the deadly effects of poisons. The dragons that form the gold shank here constitute yet another protective element. These beasts appear frequently as decorative elements in Timurid and Safavid art and were traditionally regarded as symbols of royalty and divine power. When combined with the talismanic content of the many inscriptions, the dragons holding the bezel of this ring strongly suggest that one of its primary functions was to empower the owner and protect him from harm.

Abdullah Ghouchani and Maryam Ekhtiar in [Ekhtiar, Soucek, Canby, and Haidar 2011]

Footnotes:

2. See Wenzel, Marian. Ornament and Amulet: Rings of the Islamic Lands. The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, edited by Julian Raby, vol. 16. London, 1993, pp. 258–59, nos. 426, 434.

3. Komaroff, Linda. "Timurid to Safavid Iran: Continuity and Change." Marsyas 20 (1979–80), pp. 11–16, pls. 9 – 12, esp. pp. 13–14.

4. Lentz and Lowry 1989, pp. 253, 358.

Inscription: Inscribed:
On stone in Arabic in thuluth script:
(at center of seal):
عزمن لا یموت
Glorified be [He] who will not die

(surrounding seal, in four segments):
ناد علیاً مظهر العجائبی
تجده عوناً لك في النوائبي
کل هم و غم سینجلي
بولایتك یا علي یا علي یا علي
Call upon ‘Ali, the revealer of miracles made manifest,
You will find him a comfort to you in times of misfortune
All care and sorrows will disappear through your companionship,
O ‘Ali, O ‘Ali, O ‘Ali

Around bezel in Persian in thuluth script:
جانـا نـداي تـرا بجاهسـت کـه حدیـث گویـم عالم هر دو در نگین جانبخش لعل شماست
سلیمان خوان ازین خاتم عالم بود در کفش کــه مهـــر جانـــم هســـت محبـــت سانــم؟
O my Lord! Instead of writing Thy name, I say the following words.
O my soul! In consequence of my love Thy image is everywhere with me.
O my soul! Be as wise in thy conversation as Solomon. My world and heaven are
in this ring.”
[Lentz and Lowry 1989]

On interior of bezel in Persian in kufic script:
مبارک باد
Be fortunate

Underneath stone in kufic script:
محمد
Muhammad

(Transcription and translation from "Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art," 2011, p. 196).

[ Indjoudjian Frères, Paris, until 1912; sold to MMA]

London. Burlington House. "International Exhibition of Persian Art," January 7, 1931–February 28, 1931, no. 195.

New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Gold," April 14–September 9, 1973, no catalogue.

New York. Asia Society Galleries. "Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World," January 11, 1979–March 11, 1979, no. 50.

New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Islamic Jewelry in The Metropolitan Museum of Art," April 22–August 14, 1983, no. 56a.

Washington. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. "Timur and the Princely Vision. Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century," April 14, 1989–July 6, 1989, no. 142.

Los Angeles. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. "Timur and the Princely Vision. Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century," August 13, 1989–November 5, 1989, no. 142.

New York. The Hagop Kevorkian Special Exhibitions Gallery, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "The Nature of Islamic Ornament Part I: Calligraphy," February 26–June 28, 1998, no catalogue.

New York. Forbes Galleries. "Masterpieces of Ancient Jewelry: Exquisite Jeweled Objects from the Cradle of Civilization," September 22, 2008–December 31, 2008, p. 122.

Chicago. Field Museum of Natural History. "Masterpieces of Ancient Jewelry: Exquisite Jeweled Objects from the Cradle of Civilization," February 13, 2009–June 14, 2009, p. 122.

Paris. Institut du Monde Arabe. "Masterpieces of Ancient Jewelry: Exquisite Jeweled Objects from the Cradle of Civilization," April 19, 2010–July 25, 2010, p. 122.

Dimand, Maurice S. A Handbook of Mohammedan Decorative Arts. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1930. p. 106, ill. fig. 47 (b/w).

Wilson, Arnold T. Catalogue of the International Exhibition of Persian Art. 3rd. ed. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1931. no. 195, p. 125.

Near Eastern Jewelry : a Picture Book. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1940. ill. fig. 11.

Dimand, Maurice S. A Handbook of Muhammadan Art. 2nd rev. and enl. ed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1944. p. 154, ill. fig. 93 (b/w).

Dimand, Maurice S., and Hannah McAllister. Near Eastern Jewelry : A Picture Book. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1944. ill. fig. 11 (b/w).

"Gold." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin vol. 31, no. 2 (Winter 1972/1973). pp. 69–121.

Komaroff, Linda. "Timurid to Safavid Iran: continuity and change." Marsyas (1979–1980). pp. 11–16, ill. fig. 13, pl. XII.

Welch, Anthony. Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1979. no. 50, p. 129, ill. (b/w).

Keene, M., and Marilyn Jenkins-Madina. "Djawahar." In The Encyclopaedia of Islam Supplement. Fasc. 5-6. 1980. pp. 256–57, ill. fig. 26 (b/w), pl. XXXVII.

Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn, and Manuel Keene. Islamic Jewelry in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1983. no. 56a, p. 99, ill. (b/w).

Welch, Stuart Cary. The Islamic World. vol. 11. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987. p. 88, ill. fig. 66 (color).

Lentz, Thomas W., and Glenn D. Lowry. "Persian Art and Culture in the Fifteenth Century." In Timur and the Princely Vision. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1989. no. 142, pp. 253, 358, ill. pl. 142.

de Montebello, Philippe, and Kathleen Howard, ed. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide. 6th ed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992. p. 186, ill. fig. 16 (color).

Tilden, Jill, ed. First Under Heaven: The Art of Asia, Hali annual, vol. 4 (1997). p. 15, ill. fig. 11 (color).

Price, Judith. "Exquisite Objects from the Cradle of Civilization." In Masterpieces of Ancient Jewelry. Philadelphia; London, 2008. p. 122, ill. (color).

Ekhtiar, Maryam, Priscilla P. Soucek, Sheila R. Canby, and Navina Haidar, ed. Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1st ed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011. no. 134, pp. 196–97, ill. p. 197 (color).