The Choleric Temperament

Hans Schäufelein German

Not on view

This work belongs to a set of personifications of the Four Temperaments. A landmark in the history of art, the series is the first post-antique representation of the theory of the physician and writer Hippocrates (460–370 BCE) that human well-being and health depend on the balance of four bodily fluids, or humors. Each humor was later linked to a particular personality. Nervous, energetic, ambitious, aggressive, and inclined to emotional outbursts, a person with a choleric temperament was thought to have small but pronounced muscles, sharply defined features, and abundant hair, as seen here.

The Choleric Temperament, Hans Schäufelein (German, Nuremberg ca. 1480–ca. 1540 Nördlingen), Oil on limewood

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