Cylinder seal and modern impression: royal figures flanking a standard; sphinxes

Although engraved stones had been used as early as the seventh millennium B.C. to stamp impressions in clay, the invention in the fourth millennium B.C. of carved cylinders that could be rolled over clay allowed the development of more complex seal designs. These cylinder seals, first used in Mesopotamia, served as a mark of ownership or identification. Seals were either impressed on lumps of clay that were used to close jars, doors, and baskets, or they were rolled onto clay tablets that recorded information about commercial or legal transactions. The seals were often made of precious stones. Protective properties may have been ascribed to both the material itself and the carved designs. Seals are important to the study of ancient Near Eastern art because many examples survive from every period and can, therefore, help to define chronological phases. Often preserving imagery no longer extant in any other medium, they serve as a visual chronicle of style and iconography.

The modern impression of the seal is shown so that the entire design can be seen. This seal shows two royal male figures wearing mantles with rolled borders and caps with rolled brims. They each hold crooks with both hands and flank a globular standard mounted by a winged rosette. Next to this scene the pictorial field is divided into three registers. At the top two seated figures face each other with birds behind their chairs. In the middle are three rosettes inside a guilloche. On the bottom two seated winged sphinxes face each other. The top of the seal is broken.