The theme of Zhong Kui quelling demons was first recorded by Shen Gua (1031–1091), who relates that the Tang-dynasty emperor Minghuang (r. 712–56) was purportedly cured of an illness after dreaming about a large ghost— Zhong Kui—eating demons. In the dream, Zhong Kui told the emperor that he wanted to serve him by eliminating demons. Ever since, he has been venerated as a protector against evil. In this complicated group of figures, which is carefully fitted into the natural shape of the bamboo, he is shown seated on the back of a recumbent demon, while another offers him a cup of wine.