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The Divine World: Iran

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There is little evidence to reconstruct the religious beliefs of much of Iran during the third millennium B.C. and, although it is comparatively easy to identify supernatural creatures depicted in art, it is difficult to distinguish specific deities. The material remains from southwestern Iran provide much of our understanding. This area was often under Mesopotamian control or influence in this period. The rulers of Akkad conquered the region of Susa that brought about an almost wholesale borrowing of Mesopotamian styles of art and manufacture. After the collapse of the Akkadian empire, Susa was conquered by Puzur-Inshushinak, a king of Awan, the location of which is unknown. Shortly thereafter Susa was conquered and incorporated into the Ur III empire in the reign of Shulgi, the second king of the dynasty, and was once again dominated from Mesopotamia. Further east in Iran, images of gods possibly appear on compartmented seals.
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Images, from top to bottom: Kneeling bull holding a vessel, ca. 3000–2800 B.C.; Proto-Elamite. Iran. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1966  (66.173). Standing lioness demon, ca. 3000–2800 B.C.; Proto-Elamite. Iran. On loan to the Brooklyn Museum of Art  L.48.7.9, Collection of Robin B. Martin.



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