Edgar Degas

<body><FONT FACE="TIMES,TIMES"> <p>Chronology of the Artist's Life</p> <p><b>1834</b> Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas is born on July 19, 1834, at 8 rue Saint-Georges in Paris. His father, Auguste, a banker, was French, and his mother, Célestine, an American from New Orleans. The family name "Degas" had been changed to "De Gas" by some family members in Naples and France in order to sound more aristocratic; the preposition indicated a name derived from land holdings. Degas went back to using the original spelling sometime after 1870, and that is how we spell his name today.</p> <p>Degas's friends Ludovic Halévy and Paul Valpinçon are both born the same year.</p> <p><b>1853</b> At age eighteen and a half Degas receives permission to copy at the Louvre in Paris. In order to develop their own skills, nineteenth-century artists copied paintings by the old masters, studying their drawing and painting techniques. </p> <p><b>1854</b> Copies Raphael paintings at the Louvre.</p> <p><b>1855</b> Degas is taken by Édouard Valpinçon, the father of his friend Paul and an art collector, to visit the painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867). Degas admired Ingres's work and believed, as the great master did, in the primary importance of drawing in the creation of a work of art. During the eighteenth century, much was made of the rivalry between <a href="indexi.html" target="_top">Ingres</a> the draftsman and Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863), who placed greater emphasis on the role of color in painting. Degas was enamored of both artists and acquired their works for his own art collection.</p> <p>Degas is admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts.</p> <p><b>1856</b> Lives and travels in Italy.</p> <p><b>1859</b> Returns to Paris.</p> <p><b>1860</b> Travels to Italy for a brief stay.</p> <p><b>1862</b> Meets Édouard Manet in the Louvre while copying Velázquez's painting <i>The Infanta Margarita</i> directly onto a copper plate.</p> <p><b>1864</b> Visits Ingres.</p> <p><b>1865</b> Paints <a href="indexc1.html" target="_top"><i>A Woman Seated Beside a Vase of Flowers (Madame Paul Valpinçon?)</i></a>.</p> <p><b>1865 through 1870</b><br> Exhibits at <a href="gloss.html#salon" target="_blank">the Salon</a>; these works are not given significant attention by critics. (The works Degas exhibited are not included in this resource material.)</p> <p><b>1866</b> Paints <i>The Collector of Prints</i>.</p> <p><b>1868</b> Degas begins getting recognition as an artist. He is a frequent visitor and prominent member of the group who visit the Café Guerbois located at 11 grande rue des Batignolles (today 9 avenue de Clichy). There he gathers with other avant-garde artists such as Édouard Manet, Paul Cézanne, Henri Fantin-Latour, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley, Frédéric Bazille, and Camille Pissarro.</p> <p>Registers for the last time as a copyist at the Louvre.</p> <p><b>1870</b> Degas writes a letter to the Salon jury that is published in the <i>Paris Journal</i> on April 12, 1870; the letter offers suggestions on ways to improve the exhibition of works of art.</p> <p><b>July 19</b> The Franco-Prussian War begins after Napoleon III of France and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia order their respective troops to arms.</p> <p>Degas enters the National Guard as a volunteer.</p> <p><b>September</b><br> The Third Republic is proclaimed. </p> <p><b>March 18, 1871</b><br> Proclamation of the Commune of Paris, a radical Republican government. Civil war ensues. The Commune lasts only two months.</p> <p><b>1873</b> The art dealer Durand-Ruel buys Degas's <a href="indexc8.html" target="_top"><i>Woman Ironing</i></a>.</p> <p><b>December 27</b><br> Degas, Monet, Pissarro, Sisley, Morisot, and Cézanne form the Société Anonyme Coopérative à Capital Variable des Artistes, Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. (the Société Anonyme des Artistes) devoted to free, nonjuried exhibitions, the sale of works exhibited, and the publication of an art journal.</p> <p><b>April 15, 1874</b><br> Opening of the first exhibition of the Société Anonyme des Artistes at 35 boulevard des Capucines, now considered the first Impressionist exhibition. Degas's works receive mixed reviews. Some critics detest them, while others write about him favorably and name him the leading figure among the new group of artists later known as the Impressionists. Degas exhibits <i>The Dancing Class</i> (1871).</p> <p>The Société Anonyme des Artistes dissolves due to poor attendance and a general lack of interest on the part of the public.</p> <p><b>March 30, 1876</b><br> Opening of the "2me Exposition de Peinture" at Galerie Durand-Ruel, 11 rue Le Peletier (the second Impressionist exhibition); Degas exhibits twenty-two works of art, including <a href="indexc5.html" target="_top"><i>The Dance Class</i></a> (1874) and <a href="indexc6.html" target="_top"><i>Woman Ironing</i></a> (1873).</p> <p>By this time, Degas has befriended Edmond Duranty (1833-1880), the critic and author of <i>The New Painting: Concerning the Group of Artists Exhibiting at the Durand-Ruel Galleries</i>. Duranty publishes this text as a thirty-eight-page pamphlet in which he discusses the problems of academic painting and the role of <a href="gloss.html#avant" target="right">avant-garde</a> artists in revitalizing painting. Duranty does not mention the names of the Impressionists, but his examples include references to specific subjects painted by Degas. It was clear to his readers that Duranty considered Degas the most important member of the group as evident in passages about the importance of the setting or background of a picture, the significance of using subjects from modern life, and the need for adopting new artistic practices and stylistic devices in order to accomplish these goals. </p> <p><b>April 4, 1877</b><br> Opening of the "3me Exposition de Peinture" (which was actually the first time the exhibition was considered an exhibition of Impressionist painters), at 6 rue Le Peletier; Degas exhibits twenty-three paintings and <a href="gloss.html#pastel" target="_blank">pastels</a>, including <i>Dancers Practicing at the Bar</i>. He also shows three groups of <a href="gloss.html#mono" target="_blank">monotypes</a>.</p> <p><b>April 10, 1879</b><br> Opening of the "4me Exposition de Peinture" (the fourth Impressionist exhibition), at 28 avenue de l'Opéra; Degas shows twenty paintings and pastels and five fans. Many critics praise his work and single him out from his contemporaries. Others persist in responding to his work with sarcasm and derision.</p> <p><b>April 1, 1880</b><br> Opening of the "5me Exposition de Peinture" (the fifth Impressionist exhibition), at 10 rue des Pyramides. Degas shows paintings, pastels, drawings, and <a href="gloss.html#print" target="_blank">prints</a>. Degas receives high praise from the critics.</p> <p><b>September</b><br> In a letter to his friend Ludovic Halévy Degas laments that he has to paint ballet scenes over and over because of the demand by the public.</p> <p><b>April 2, 1881</b><br> Opening of the "6me Exposition de Peinture" (the sixth Impressionist exhibition), at 35 boulevard des Capucines. Degas exhibits eight works of art. <i>The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer</i>, which was supposed to be exhibited in the 1880 show, is finally installed in the exhibition space two weeks after the show opens. This sculpture of a young ballerina is made with actual ribbon, tutu, and hair. Reviews range from labeling the sculpture a "masterpiece" to condemning the artist as "cruel."</p> <p>Durand-Ruel is Degas's principal art dealer during the 1880s.</p> <p><b>March 1, 1882</b><br> Opening of the "7me Exposition des artistes indépendantes" (the seventh Impressionist exhibition), at 251 rue Saint-Honoré. Degas does not participate in this exhibition because of friction between himself and the artist Paul Gauguin.</p> <p><b>1886</b> Twenty-three works by Degas are exhibited in New York at the exhibition "Works in Oil and Pastel by the Impressionists of Paris," shown at the American Art Galleries and the National Academy of Design.</p> <p><b>May 15, 1886</b><br> Opening of the "8me Exposition de Peinture" (the last Impressionist exhibition) at 1 rue Laffitte; Degas exhibits ten works. The nudes depicting women bathing are the talk of the exhibition. Many critics find the women ugly and the subject offensive. Some praise the honesty of the depictions and Degas's use of color.</p> <p><a href="indexga.html" target="_top">Gauguin</a> establishes a rapport with Degas.</p> <p><b>1892</b> An exhibition of Degas landscapes is held at Durand-Ruel, the first of only two solo exhibitions held during the artist's lifetime.</p> <p><b>December 22, 1894</b><br> Captain Alfred Dreyfus, probationary officer in the General Staff accused of spying, is convicted of treason and sentenced to loss of military rank and life imprisonment. </p> <p><b>March 1896</b><br> New information surfaces proving that all the evidence brought against Dreyfus is actually the work of another man, Major Esterhazy. Bernard Lazare publishes a brochure, "A Judicial Error: The Truth on the Dreyfus Affair," in Brussels.</p> <p><b>November 25, 1897</b><br> Zola publishes his first article in <i>Le Figaro</i> supporting Dreyfus. Artists, writers, and the French people in general were divided on the issue of Dreyfus's innocence or guilt. As Dreyfus was Jewish, the Dreyfus Affair fuels the fires of anti-Semitism that had long been present in France. During this time, Degas parts company with the Halévy family because of his anti-Semitism, made apparent in his pro-army, <a href="gloss.html#dreyfus" target="_blank">anti-Dreyfusard</a> stance. Degas does not see Ludovic Halévy again.</p> <p><b>February 1905</b><br> Thirty-five works by Degas are shown at the Grafton Galleries in London, along with works by Impressionist painters and Cézanne.</p> <p><b>July 12, 1906 </b><br> The united chambers of the Court of Appeal, after a new inquiry, exonerate Dreyfus. Degas still does not support him.</p> <p><b>1908</b> Ludovic Halévy dies. Degas visits the family.</p> <p><b>June 1911</b><br> Degas has lunch with members of the Halévy family, except for Elie Halévy, Daniel's brother, who has still not forgiven Degas for his anti-Dreyfus stance.</p> <p><b>September 27, 1917</b><br> Degas dies.</p> <p><font size="2">This chronology is adapted from Jean Sutherland Boggs, Henri Loyrette, Michael Pantazzi, and Gary Tinterow, <a href="indexr.html" target="_top"><i>Degas</i></a> (New York and Ottawa: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and National Gallery of Canada, 1988) and has been modified for the purposes of this Web site.</font> </p> <p><a href="index.html" target="_top">Degas Home</a> </p> <pre> </pre> <div align="center"><center><pre> </NO> </pre> </center></div> </body>