The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

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Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

Aruz, Joan, ed., and Ronald Wallenfels, with essays by Hans J. Nissen, Donald P. Hansen, Holly Pittman, Joachim Marzahn, Karen L. Wilson, Béatrice André-Salvini, Julian Reade, Jean-Claude Margueron, Nadja Cholidis, Paolo Matthiae, Glenn M. Schwartz, Anne Porter, Thomas McClellan, Giorgio Buccellati, Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati, James P. Allen, Claus Reinholdt, Eleni Drakaki, Lena Papazoglou-Manioudaki, Oscar White Muscarella, Elena Izbitser, Yuri Piotrovsky, D. T. Potts, Jean-François de Lapérouse, Paul Collins, Joan Aruz, Maurizio Tosi, C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, Elisabetta Valtz Fino, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Jean M. Evans, Béatrice André-Salvini, Piotr Michalowski, Beate Salje, and Ira Spar (2003)

This title is in print.

Description

Our civilization is rooted in the forms and innovations of societies that flourished in the distant lands of Western Asia more than six thousand years ago. These earliest societies, established millennia before the Greco-Roman period, extended from Egypt to India. The earliest among them was the region known to the ancients as Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers and occupying what is today Iraq, northeastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. In Mesopotamia arose the first cities, believed by their inhabitants to be the property of the gods, who granted kings the power to bring prosperity to the people. Here urban institutions were invented and evolved. The need to record and manage the distribution and receipt of goods led to the invention of writing, monumental architecture in the form of temples, and palaces were created, and the visual arts flowered in the service of religion and royalty. These extraordinary innovations profoundly affected surrounding areas in Anatolia, Syria-Levant, Iran, and the Gulf, and Mesopotamia was in turn influenced by its neighbors. As Mesopotamia turned to outlying lands for such rare and precious materials as lapis lazuli, carnelian, diorite, gold, silver, and ivory, these regions were linked by networks of trade that encouraged cultural exchange.

This volume, which accompanies a major exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, explores the artistic achievements of the era of the first cities in both the Mesopotamian heartland and across the expanse of western Asia. More than fifty experts in the field have contributed entries on individual works of art and essays on a wide range of subjects. The first book that encompasses a study of the entire region during a single period, this publication break new ground in particular in its examination of trade and interconnections. In texts that will be of interest to both specialists and the general public, the social and historical context of the art of the first cities is explored. Many objects presented display the pure style of Mesopotamia, others from outlying regions adapt from them a corpus of forms and images, and still others embody vital regional styles. Included are reliefs celebrating the accomplishments of kings and the pastimes of the elite; votive statues representing royal and other privileged persons; animal sculptures; and spectacular jewelry, musical instruments, and games found in tombs where kings, queens, and their servants were buried.

The volume opens with a focus on the cities of southern Mesopotamia, among them Uruk and Nippur; the cities of the north, Mari and Ebla; and the Akkadian Dynasty. Next follow sections devoted to art and interconnections from the Mediterranean to the Indus, in which Egypt, the Aegean and western Anatolia, the North Caucasus, the Gulf, Iran, and the Indus area are studied. Finally, a section on literature and legacy treats the invention of cuneiform writing and the heritage of Mesopotamian literature and ideas.

More than five hundred reproductions of the works in the exhibition as well as comparative materials are included in the lavish illustrations, and landscape photographs offer a sense of place. Maps, a chronology, a bibliography, and an index are provided.

Table of contents

Director's Forward
Philippe de Montebello

Acknowledgments
Mahrukh Tarapor

Acknowledgments
Joan Aruz

Contributors to the Catalogue
Lenders to the Exhibition
Chronology
Map
Note to the Reader

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus
Joan Aruz

Cities of the South

Uruk and the Formation of the City
Hans J. Nissen

Art of the Early City-States
Donald P. Hansen

The Proto-Elamite Period
Holly Pittman

Fara
Joachim Marzahn

Excavations in the Diyala Region
Karen L. Wilson

Stone Sculpture Production
Jean-François de Lapérouse

Nippur
Jean M. Evans

Tello (Ancient Girsu)
Béatrice André-Salvini

Metalworking Techniques
Jean-François de Lapérouse

Al Ubaid
Paul Collins

Kish
Paul Collins

The Royal Tombs of Ur
Julian Reade

The Tomb of Puabi
Paul Collins

The Great Death Pit at Ur
Julian Reade

Cities of the North

Mari and the Syro-Mesopotamian World
Jean-Claude Margueron

The Treasure of Ur from Mari
Nadja Cholidis

Ebla and the Early Urbanization of Syria
Paolo Matthiae

Tell Umm el-Marra
Glenn M. Schwartz

Tell Banat
Anne Porter and Thomas McClellan

The First Great Empire

Art of the Akkadian Empire
Donald P. Hansen

Lost-Wax Casting
Jean-François de Lapérouse

Tell Mozan (Ancient Urkesh)
Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati

Tell Brak in the Akkadian Period
Jean M. Evans

From the Mediterranean to the Indus

Art and Interconnections in the Third Millennium B.C.
Joan Aruz

Egypt and the Near East in the Third Millennium B.C.
James P. Allen

The Aegean and Western Anatolia: Social Forms and Cultural Relationships
Chris Reinholdt

The Early Bronze Age Jewelry Hoard from Kolonna, Aigina
Claus Reinholdt

Troy
Eleni Drakaki

Poliochni and the Civilization of the Northeastern Aegean
Lena Papazoglou-Manioudaki

The Central Anatolian Plateau: The Tombs of Alaca Höyük
Oscar White Muscarella

The North Caucasus
Elena Izbitser

The Naikop (Oshad) Kurgan
Yuri Piotrovsky

Novosvobodnaya
Yuri Piotrovsky

Susa: Beyond the Zagros Mountains
Paul Collins

The Gulf: Dilmun and Magan
D.T. Potts

Copper Alloys and Metal Sources
Jean-François de Lapérouse

Tell Abraq
Paul Collins

The Island of Tarut
Paul Collins

"Intercultural Style" Carved Chlorite Objects
Joan Aruz

Pathways Across Eurasia
Maurizio Tosi and C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky

Altyn-depe
Yuri Piotrovsky

Gonur-depe
Elisabetta Valtz Fino

The Indus Civilization
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

Baluchistan
Paul Collins

Cities of the Indus Valley
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

The Dynasties of Lagash and Ur

Approaching the Divine: Mesopotamian Art at the End of the Third Millennium B.C.
Jean M. Evans

The Rediscovery of Gudea Statuary in the Hellenistic Period
Béatrice AndréSalvini

Literature and Legacy

The Earliest Scholastic Tradition
Piotr Michalowski

Uruk and the World of Gilgamesh
Beate Salje

The Mesopotamian Legacy: Origins of the Genesis Tradition
Ira Spar

Appendix: Problems of Third Millennium B.C.

Chronology
Julian Reade

Bibliography
Index
Photograph Credits

Press reviews

Religious Studies Review

"... beautifully illustrated ... provides a solid introduction to the region and the art discovered from the first cities ... The contributors are all well-established specialists in their fields."

Publishers Weekly

"... should serve as a fine summation for scholars and curious lovers of art and urbanism ..."

The New York Review of Books

"... beautiful and scholarly ..."

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Ancient Near Eastern Art

Print Titles

Alexander, S. M. "X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Corrosion Products [of a Proto-Elamite Silver Figurine in the Metropolitan Museum of Art]." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 3 (1970). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Aruz, Joan, Ann Farkas, and Elisabetta Valtz Fino, eds., with contributions by Andrei Alekseev, David W. Anthony, Aleksei Bantikov, Thomas J. Barfield, Konstantin V. Chugunov, Jeannine Davis-Kimball, Henri-Paul Francfort, Askold Ivantchik, Esther Jacobson, Elena Korolkova, Liudmilla Koryakova, Giancarlo Ligabue, Jianjun Mei, Oscar White Muscarella, Anatolii Nagler, Hermann Parzinger, Anatolii Kh. Pshenichniuk, Renate Rolle, Karen S. Rubinson, Zainullah Samashev, Peter S. Wells, Gernot Windfuhr, and Leonid T. Yablonsky. The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Aruz, Joan, Kim Benzel, and Jean Evans, eds., with Catharine Roehrig, Isabel Stuenkel, Sarah Graff, Dorothea Arnold, Susan Allen, Mogens Trolle Larsen. Béatrice André-Salvini, Jean-Claude Margueron, Paolo Matthiae, Michel Al-Maqdissi, Bassam Jamous, Suzy Hakimian, Robert B. Koehl, Thomas Schneider, Geneviève Pierrat-Bonnefois, Michèle Casanova, Jean-François De Lapérouse, Jack M. Sasson, Kim Benzel, David O'Connor, Peter Lacovara, Christos G. Doumas, Manfred Bietak, Irving Finkel, Mario Liverani, Ira Spar, Andreas Müller-Karpe, Aygül Süel, Mustafa Suel, Andreas Schachner, Gary Beckman, K. Aslihan Yener, Jean M. Evans, Peter Pfalzner, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, Lena Papazoglou-Manioudak, Vasilis Aravantinos, Cemal Pulak, Sophie Cluzan, Annie Caubet, Sarah P. Morris, Marian Feldman, Glenn M. Schwartz, and Eric H. Cline. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.

Aruz, Joan, ed., with Ann Farkas, Andrei Alekseev, and Elena Korolkova. The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Brunner, Christopher J. "Middle Persian Inscriptions on Sasanian Silverware." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 9 (1974). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1974.

Brunner, Christopher J. "Sasanian Seals in the Moore Collection: Motive and Meaning in some Popular Subjects." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 14 (1979). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

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Collins, Paul. "An Assyrian-Style Ivory Plaque from Hasanlu, Iran." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 41 (2006). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.

Crawford, Vaughn E., Prudence O. Harper, and Holly Pittman, with an essay by Dorothea Seelye Franck. Assyrian Reliefs and Ivories in The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Palace Reliefs of Assurnasirpal II and Ivory Carvings from Nimrud. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.

Crawford, Vaughn Emerson. "Beside the Kara Su." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 21, no. 8 (April, 1963). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1963.

Crawford, Vaughn Emerson. "Hasanlu 1960." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 20, no. 3 (November, 1961). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1961.

Crawford, Vaughn Emerson. "Ivories from the Earth." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 21, no. 4 (December, 1962). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1962.

Crawford, Vaughn Emerson, Prudence Oliver Harper, Oscar White Muscarella, and Beatrice Elizabeth Bodenstein. Guide to the Collections: Ancient Near Eastern Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1966.

Crawford, Vaughn Emerson. "The Third Millenium B.C. [Art of the Ancient Near East]." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 18, no. 8 (April, 1960). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1960.

Curators of the Israel Museum. Treasures of the Holy Land: Ancient Art from the Israel Museum. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.

Curtis, John E. Art and Empire: Treasures from Assyria in the British Museum. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Dimand, Maurice Sven. "A Sumerian Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 3, no. 10 (June, 1945). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1945.

Dimand, Maurice Sven. "Recent Additions to the Near Eastern Collections." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 7, no. 5 (January, 1949). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1949.

Dimand, Maurice Sven. "Treasures of Iranian Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 8, no. 5 (January, 1950). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1950.

Dimand, Maurice Sven. "Two Fifteenth Century Hispano-Moresque Rugs." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 22, no. 10 (June, 1964). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964.

Gough, Michael. "Alahan Monastery: A Masterpiece of Early Christian Architecture." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 26, no. 10 (June, 1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Grancsay, Stephen V. "A Sasanian Chieftain's Helmet." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 21, no. 8 (April, 1963). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1963.

Hansen, Donald P. "A Proto-Elamite Silver Figurine in the Metropolitan Museum of Art." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 3 (1970). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Harper, Prudence O., Evelyn Klengel-Brandt, Joan Aruz, and Kim Benzel. Assyrian Origins: Discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: Antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Harper, Prudence O., Joan Aruz, and Françoise Tallon, eds. Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.

Harper, Prudence O., and Holly Pittman, eds. Essays on Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in Honor of Charles Kyrle Wilkinson. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983.

Harper, Prudence O., and Pieter Meyers. Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period. Vol. 1, Royal Imagery. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981.

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "Ancient Near Eastern Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 41, no. 4 (Spring, 1984). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "Origin and Influence Cultural Contacts: Egypt, and the Ancient Near East, and the Classical World." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 7 (March, 1971). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "Portrait of a King." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 25, no. 3 (November, 1966). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1966.

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "The Heavenly Twins." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 23, no. 5 (January, 1965). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1965.

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "The Second Millennium B.C. [Art of the Ancient Near East]." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 18, no. 8 (April, 1960). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1960.

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "The Senmurv." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 20, no. 3 (November, 1961). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1961.

Kawami, Trudy S. "Kuh-e Khwaja, Iran, and Its Wall Paintings: The Records of Ernst Herzfeld." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 22 (1987). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987.

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Lefferts, Kate C. "Technical Notes." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 25, no. 3 (November, 1966). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1966.

Lilyquist, Christine. "The Dilbat hoard." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 29 (1994). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Lines, Joan. "Ivories from Nimrud." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 13, no. 8 (April, 1955). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1955.

Markoe, Glenn. "Barsom or Staff? An Inscribed Urartian Plaque." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 17 (1982). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Part 2: The Persian Expedition 1933–1934." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 12 (December, 1934). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1934.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, introduction by Peter Dorman, Prudence Oliver Harper, and Holly Pittman. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, Egypt and the Ancient Near East. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Milleker, Elizabeth J., Christopher Lightfoot, Melanie Holcomb, Marsha Hill, Jean Evans, Joan Aruz, Denise Patry Leidy, and Julie Jones. The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "A Bronze Vase from Iran and its Greek Connections." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 5 (1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Muscarella, Oscar White. Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "Excavations at Agrab Tepe, Iran." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 8 (1973). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "Excavations at Dinkha Tepe, 1966." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 3 (November, 1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "Hacilar Ladies: Old and New." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 2 (October–November, 1971). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "Hasanlu 1964." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 25, no. 3 (November, 1966). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1966.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "The Iron Age at Dinkha Tepe, Iran." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 9 (1974). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1974.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "The Tumuli at Sé Girdan: A Preliminary Report." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 2 (1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "The Tumuli at Sé Girdan: Second Report." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 4 (1971). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Muscarella, Oscar White. "Winged Bull Cauldron Attachments from Iran." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 1 (1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Nickel, Helmut. "About the Sword of the Huns and the 'Urepos' of the Steppes." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 7 (1973). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973.

Piotrovsky, Boris. "From the Lands of the Scythians: Ancient Treasures from the Museums of the U.S.S.R., 3000 B.C.–100 B.C." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 32, no. 5 (1974). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1974.

Pittman, Holly. Ancient Art in Miniature: Ancient Near Eastern Seals from the Collection of Martin and Sarah Cherkasky. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987.

Pittman, Holly. Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.

Porada, Edith. "Reliefs from the Palace of Sennacherib." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 3, no. 6 (February, 1945). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1945.

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Root, Margaret Cool. "The Herzfeld Archive of The Metropolitan Museum of Art." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 11 (1976). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.

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Rubin, Ida Ely, ed. The Guennol Collection Vol. 1. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.

Russell, John Malcolm. From Nineveh to New York: the strange story of the Assyrian Reliefs in the Metropolitan Museum and the hidden masterpiece at Canford Manner. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.

Spar, Ira, and Eva von Dassow, with contributions by J. N. Postgate and Linda B. Bregstein. Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume III: Private Archive Texts from the First Millennium B.C.. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.

Spar, Ira, and W. G. Lambert. Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume II: Literary and Scholastic Texts of the First Millennium B.C.. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Spar, Ira, ed. Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume I: Tablets, Cones, and Bricks of the Third and Second Millennia B.C.. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Stronach, David. "Tepe Nush-i Jan: A Mound in Media." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 3 (November, 1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

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Von Bothmer, Dietrich, ed. Glories of the Past: Ancient Art from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1990.

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Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "An Achaemenian Bronze Head." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 15, no. 3 (November, 1956). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1956.

Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "Art of the Marlik Culture." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3 (November, 1965). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1965.

Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "Assyrian and Persian Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 13, no. 7 (March, 1955). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1955.

Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "Introduction to Art of the Ancient Near East." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 18, no. 8 (April, 1960). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1960.

Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "Some New Contacts With Nimrud and Assyria." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 10, no. 8 (April, 1952). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1952.

Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "The Art of the Ancient Near East." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 7, no. 7 (March, 1949). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1949.

Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "The First Millennium B.C. [Art of the Ancient Near East]." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 18, no. 8 (April, 1960). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1960.

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Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "Two Ancient Silver Vessels." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 15, no. 1 (Summer, 1956). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1956.

Winter, Irene J. "Carved Ivory Furniture Panels from Nimrud: A Coherent Subgroup of the North Syrian Style." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 11 (1976). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.

Online Titles

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Art of the First Cities in the Third Millennium B.C." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Assyria, 1365–609 B.C." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900–2350 B.C." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Ebla in the Third Millennium B.C." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "List of Rulers of Mesopotamia." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Lydia and Phrygia." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Phrygia, Gordion, and King Midas in the Late Eighth Century B.C." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Akkadian Period (ca. 2350–2150 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Halaf Period (6500–5500 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Hittites." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Nahal Mishmar Treasure." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Phoenicians (1500–300 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Rediscovery of Assyria." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Sasanian Empire (224–651 A.D.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Seleucid Empire (323–64 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Ugarit." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Ur: The Royal Graves." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Ur: The Ziggurat." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Urartu." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Uruk: The First City." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Greek and Roman Art. "Nabataean Kingdom and Petra." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Greek and Roman Art. "Palmyra." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Greek and Roman Art. "The Parthian Empire (247 B.C.–224 A.D.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Eynan/Ain Mallaha (10,000–8200 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "Epic of Creation (Mesopotamia)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "Flood Stories." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "Gilgamesh." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "Mesopotamian Deities." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "The Gods and Goddesses of Canaan." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "The Origins of Writing." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tedesco, Laura Anne. "Hasanlu in the Iron Age." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Titles by author (53)

Eleni Drakaki

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Elisabetta Valtz Fino

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Ira Spar

Print Titles

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "Ancient Near Eastern Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 41, no. 4 (Spring, 1984). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.

Spar, Ira, ed. Cuneiform Texts in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume I: Tablets, Cones, and Bricks of the Third and Second Millennia B.C.. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Online Titles

Spar, Ira. "Epic of Creation (Mesopotamia)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "Flood Stories." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "Gilgamesh." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "Mesopotamian Deities." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "The Gods and Goddesses of Canaan." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Spar, Ira. "The Origins of Writing." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

James P. Allen

Print Titles

Allen, James P., Susan Allen, Julie Anderson, Dieter Arnold, Dorothea Arnold, Nadine Cherpion, Élisabeth David, Nicolas Grimal, Krzysztof Grzymski, Zahi Hawass, Marsha Hill, Peter Jánosi, Sophie Labée-Toutée, Audran Labrousse, Jean-Philippe Lauer, Jean Leclant, Peter Der Manuelian, N. B. Millet, Adela Oppenheim, Diana Craig Patch, Elena Pischikova, Patricia Rigault, Catharine H. Roehrig, Dietrich Wildung, and Christiane Ziegler. Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Allen, James P. The Heqanakht Papyri. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Allen, James P., with an essay by David T. Mininberg, M.D. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Allen, Susan, with an introduction by James P. Allen. Tutankhamun's Tomb: The Thrill of Discovery. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.

Arnold, Dieter, with an appendix by James P. Allen. Middle Kingdom Tomb Architecture at Lisht: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.

Arnold, Dorothea, Lyn Green, and James Allen. The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Jean Evans

Print Titles

Jean-François de Lapérouse

Print Titles

Diba, Layla S., with contributions by Stefano Carboni and Jean-François de Lapérouse. Turkmen Jewelry: Silver Ornaments from the Marshall and Marilyn Wolf Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011.

Joan Aruz

Print Titles

Harper, Prudence O., Joan Aruz, and Françoise Tallon, eds. Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.

Houghton, James R., Katherine Baetjer, Dorothea Arnold, Joan Aruz, Carlos A. Picon, Peter Barnet, Everett Fahy, Keith Christiansen, Walter Liedtke, Colta Ives, George R. Goldner, Ian Wardropper, Thomas P. Campbell, Dita Amory, Laurence B. Kanter, Morrison H. Heckscher, J. Kenneth Moore, Hilde Limondjian, Stuart W. Pyhrr, Donald J. La Rocca, Maxwell K. Hearn, James C. Y. Watt, Stefano Carboni, Julie Jones, Alisa LaGamma, Eric Kjellgren, Virginia-Lee Webb, Gary Tinterow, Malcolm Daniel, Harold Koda, and John P. O'Neill. Philippe de Montebello and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977–2008. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.

Oscar White Muscarella

Print Titles

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "Ancient Near Eastern Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 41, no. 4 (Spring, 1984). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.

Mertens, Joan R. "Ancient Art: Gifts from the Norbert Schimmel Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 49, no. 4 (Spring, 1992). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.