The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Faking It: Manipulated Photography before Photoshop

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Faking It: Manipulated Photography before Photoshop

Fineman, Mia (2012)

This title is in print.

Description

Photographic manipulation is a familiar phenomenon in the digital era. What will come as a revelation to readers of this captivating, wide-ranging book is that nearly every type of manipulation we associate with Adobes now-ubiquitous Photoshop software was also part of photography's pre-digital repertoire, from slimming waistlines and smoothing away wrinkles to adding people to (or removing them from) pictures, not to mention fabricating events that never took place. Indeed, the desire and determination to modify the camera image are as old as photography itself—only the methods have changed.

By tracing the history of manipulated photography from the earliest days of the medium to the release of Photoshop 1.0 in 1990, Mia Fineman offers a corrective to the dominant narrative of photography's development, in which champions of photographic "purity," such as Paul Strand, Edward Weston, and Henri Cartier-Bresson, get all the glory, while devotees of manipulation, including Henry Peach Robinson, Edward Steichen, and John Heartfield, are treated as conspicuous anomalies. Among the techniques discussed on these pages—abundantly illustrated with works from an international array of public and private collections—are multiple exposure, combination printing, photomontage, composite portraiture, overpainting, hand coloring, and retouching. The resulting images are as diverse in style and motivation as they are in technique. Taking her argument beyond fine art into the realms of politics, journalism, fashion, entertainment, and advertising, Fineman demonstrates that the old adage "the camera does not lie" is one of photography's great fictions.

Table of contents

Director's Foreword
Sponsor's Statement
Acknowledgments
Lenders to the Exhibition
Note to the Reader

Introduction

1. Picture Perfect

2. Artifice in the Name of Art

3. Politics and Persuasion

4. Novelties and Amusements

5. Pictures in Print

6. Mind's Eye

7. Protoshop

Discussion of Individual Works

Notes
Selected Bibliography
Glossary of Technical Terms
Index
Photograph Credits

About the authors

Mia Fineman is Assistant Curator in the Department of Photographs at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. She has been a regular contributor to the New York Times, Slate, the Village Voice, and numerous other publications.

Press reviews

BOMB Magazine

"Mia Fineman's brilliant, exhaustive Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop should become the founding gospel—the Dead Sea Scrolls—in the liberation of photography from the Great Anxiety over Photographic Truth. [...] [an] extraordinary 296 page catalogue for the exhibition she curated at the Metropolitan Museum, Fineman is clear to differentiate between the universal manipulations of all lensed images, which she describes as 'translating the constantly changing, full-color, three-dimensional world into a flat, static, bounded image,' and 'manipulated photography,' in which 'the final image is not identical to what the camera 'saw' in the instant at which the negative was exposed.'"

Boston Globe

"illuminating"

Publishers Weekly

"engrossing ... A talented writer, Met assistant curator Fineman traces photo "fakery" to the dawn of the medium more than 150 years ago when the artists took license for both aesthetic and commercial ends ... Each chapter, as well as the "Discussions of Individual Works," yields pleasures and erudition ... an unequivocal delight"

World of Interiors

"In these days when electronic image sensors and microchips have all but replaced shutters and silver-based film… Faking It: Manipulated Photography before Photoshop makes plain, doctoring images has been going on since at least 1841, when a friend of Fox Talbot’s blotted out a superfluous Capuchin friar from his calotype of a scene in Malta. Enter a world of wispy spirits, montaged blue skies, lopped-off Communists and suspiciously rosy-cheeked portraits in this finely written history."

ARTINFO

"A single-author/historian project that reveals the breadth of a subject that's been hiding in plain sight. Metropolitan Museum of Art curator Mia Fineman's book reveals less that photographers were clever tricksters than that the manipulation of photography was important to the early days of the photography market, and that it impacted movements in art (such as surrealism), advertising and more. The pictures are hey look at this! fun, but the text is as good a straight read as anything here, too."

Creative Review

"... as [Fineman's] meticulously researched book shows, [...] photography has proven to be a fluid form of communication ever since its inception in the 19th century. Intriguingly, Fineman looks at how image manipulation has been used to similar ends within very different contexts, from politics and advertising, to fashion and art ..."

Tags

Authors

Mia Fineman

Artists

Keywords

American Art, 19th Century

Print Titles

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Jaffee, David. "Post-Revolutionary America: 1800–1840." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Kenny, Peter M. and Matthew Thurlow. "Duncan Phyfe (1770–1854) and Charles-Honoré Lannuier (1779–1819)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Liebster, Amy. "Eagles After the American Revolution." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Myers, Nicole. "Women Artists in Nineteenth-Century France." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Obniski, Monica. "The Arts and Crafts Movement in America." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Peck, Amelia. "Alexander Jackson Davis (1803–1892)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Peck, Amelia. "American Quilts and Coverlets." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Peck, Amelia. "American Revival Styles, 1840–1876." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Phipps, Elena. "The Materials and Techniques of American Quilts and Coverlets." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Thurlow, Matthew. "American Federal Era Period Rooms." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "American Bronze Casting ." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "American Neoclassical Sculptors Abroad." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "American Relief Sculpture." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "Bronze Statuettes of the American West, 1850–1915." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "Daniel Chester French (1850–1931)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Vincent, Nicholas C. "Shaker Furniture." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Wees, Beth Carver. "Nineteenth-Century American Jewelry." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Wees, Beth Carver. "Nineteenth-Century American Silver." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "Americans in Paris, 1860–1900." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "Mary Stevenson Cassatt (1844–1926)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "Winslow Homer (1836–1910)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara and Carrie Rebora Barratt. "American Scenes of Everyday Life, 1840–1910." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

American Art, 20th Century

Print Titles

Adlin, Jane. Contemporary Ceramics: Selections from The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Adlin, Jane. Studio Glass in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Agee, James. Many Are Called. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004 (originally published in 1966).

Avedon, Richard. Richard Avedon Portraits. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Baetjer, Katharine, Lisa Mintz Messinger, and Nan Rosenthal. The Jackson Pollock Sketchbooks in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.

Baker, Elizabeth C. Ellsworth Kelly: Recent Paintings and Sculptures. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

Bearden, Romare. "The Black Artist in America: A Symposium." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 5 (January, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Bolton, Andrew, with an essay by Michael Chabon. Superheroes: Fashion and Fantasy. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.

Bolton, Andrew, with contributions by Shannon Bell Price and Elyssa Da Cruz. Wild: Fashion Untamed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Bowles, Hamish, with essays by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Rachel Lambert Mellon, and Hamish Bowles. Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.

Clark, Robert Judson, Andrea P. A. Belloli, with David G. De Long, Martin Eidelberg, J. David Farmer, John Gerard, Neil Harris, Joan Marter, R. Craig Miller, Mary Riordan, Roy Slade, Davira S. Taragin, and Christa C. Mayer Thurman. Design in America: The Cranbrook Vision, 1925–1950. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983.

Conroy, Frank. "Salvation Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 5 (January, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Daniel, Malcolm. Stieglitz, Steichen, Strand: Masterworks from The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010.

Downs, Joseph. "Stained Glass by John La Farge." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 3, no. 9 (May, 1945). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1945.

Downs, Joseph. "The Benkard Room." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 6, no. 5 (January, 1948). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1948.

Eklund, Douglas . The Pictures Generation, 1974–1984. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.

Frelinghuysen, Alice Cooney. "Louis Comfort Tiffany at The Metropolitan Museum." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 56, no. 1 (Summer 1998). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Frelinghuysen, Alice Cooney, with contributions by Elizabeth Hutchinson, Julia Meech, Jennifer Perry Thalheimer, Barbara Veith, and Richard Guy Wilson. Louis Comfort Tiffany and Laurelton Hall: An Artist's Country Estate. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.

Geldzahler, Henry. American Painting in the Twentieth Century. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1965.

Geldzahler, Henry. "Collage by Joseph Cornell." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 4 (December, 1970). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Geldzahler, Henry. "Edward Hopper." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 21, no. 3 (November, 1962). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1962.

Geldzahler, Henry. "James Rosenquist's F-111." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 26, no. 7 (March, 1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Geldzahler, Henry. "Numbers in Time: Two American Paintings." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 23, no. 8 (April, 1965). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1965.

Goldberger, Paul. Frank Stella: Painting into Architecture. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Hale, Robert Beverly. "A Report on American Painting Today—1950." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 9, no. 6 (February, 1951). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1951.

Hale, Robert Beverly. "The American Moderns." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 16, no. 1 (Summer, 1957). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1957.

Hambourg, Maria Morris. Earthly Bodies: Irving Penn's Nudes, 1949–50. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Hambourg, Maria Morris, Jeff L. Rosenheim, Douglas Eklund, and Mia Fineman. Walker Evans. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Hambourg, Maria Morris. Paul Strand circa 1916. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Hambourg, Maria Morris. "Photography Between the Wars: Selections from the Ford Motor Company Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 45, no. 4 (Spring, 1988). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Hamilton, George Heard. "The Alfred Stieglitz Collection." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 3 (1970). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Hunter-Stiebel, Penelope. "The Decorative Arts of the Twentieth Century." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 37, no. 3 (Winter, 1979–80). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

Ivins, William Mills, Jr. "Photographs by Alfred Stieglitz." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 7 (March, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Kaufmann, Edgar, Jr. "Environment Is an Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 28, no. 8 (April, 1970). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Kaufmann, Edgar, Jr. "Frank Lloyd Wright at The Metropolitan Museum of Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 40, no. 2 (Fall, 1982). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982.

Koda, Harold. Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.

Koda, Harold. Goddess: The Classical Mode. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.

Koda, Harold, and Kohle Yohannan. The Model as Muse: Embodying Fashion. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.

LaRocca, Donald J. "The Bashford Dean Memorial Tablet by Daniel Chester French." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 31 (1996). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Lavin, Irving. "Abstraction in Modern Painting: A Comparison." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 19, no. 6 (February, 1961). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1961.

Lieberman, William S., Lisa Mintz Messinger, Sabine Rewald, and Lowery S. Sims. Twentieth-Century Art: Selections from the Collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, Painting, 1945–1985. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.

Lieberman, William S. Painters in Paris, 1895–1950. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Lieberman, William S. Twentieth-Century Art: Selections from the Collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, Painting, 1905–1945. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.

Lieberman, William S., ed. An American Choice: The Muriel Kallis Steinberg Newman Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981.

Lieberman, William S., ed., and Sabine Rewald, with contributions by Dawn Ades, John Ashbery, Jacques Dupin, John Golding, Lawrence Gowing, William S. Lieberman, Philippe de Montebello, Pierre Schneider, and Gary Tinterow. Twentieth-Century Modern Masters: The Jacques and Natasha Gelman Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1989.

Martin, Richard. American Ingenuity: Sportswear, 1930s–1970s. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Martin, Richard. Our New Clothes: Acquisitions of the 1990s. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Martin, Richard, and Harold Koda. Diana Vreeland: Immoderate Style. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993.

Mayor, A. Hyatt. "The Artists for Victory Exhibition." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 4 (December, 1942). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1942.

Mayor, A. Hyatt. "The Photographic Eye." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 5, no. 1 (Summer, 1946). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1946.

Messinger, Lisa Mintz. Abstract Expressionism: Works on Paper. Selections from The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.

Messinger, Lisa Mintz. "American Art: The Edith and Milton Lowenthal Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 54, no. 1 (Summer, 1996). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Messinger, Lisa Mintz. "Georgia O'Keeffe." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 42, no. 2 (Autumn, 1984). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.

Messinger, Lisa Mintz, Lisa Gail Collins, and Rachel Mustalish. African-American Artists, 1929–1945: Prints, Drawings, and Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Block: Poems. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Miller, R. Craig. Modern Design in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1890–1990. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1990.

Moffett, Kenworth. "The Sculpture of Jules Olitski." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 8 (April, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Naef, Weston J. "The Art of Seeing: Photographs from the Alfred Stieglitz Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 35, no. 4 (Spring, 1978). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

Naef, Weston J. The Collection of Alfred Stieglitz: Fifty Pioneers of Modern Photography. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

O'Neill, John P., ed. Clyfford Still. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.

Porter, Eliot. Intimate Landscapes: Photographs. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

Rippner, Samantha. The Prints of Vija Celmins. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Rosenblatt, Arthur. "The New Visionaries." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 26, no. 8 (April, 1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Rosenheim, Jeff. Unclassified: a Walker Evans Anthology. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Rosenheim, Jeff. Walker Evans Polaroids. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Rosenthal, Nan. Terry Winters: Printed Works. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.

Rubin, Stephen D. John Singer Sargent's Alpine Sketchbooks: A Young Artist's Perspective. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991.

Schwarz, Jane. "An Interview with Wilson Burch." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 5 (January, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Sims, Lowery Stokes. Hans Hofmann in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Sims, Lowery Stokes, with contributions by William C. Agee, Robert Hunter, Lewis Kachur, Diane Kelder, John R. Lane, Lisa J. Servon, and Karen Wilkin. Stuart Davis: American Painter. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991.

Skull, Robert C. "Re the F-111: A Collector's Notes." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 26, no. 7 (March, 1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Spassky, Natalie. John Singer Sargent: A Selection of Drawings and Watercolors from The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Stieglitz, Alfred. Georgia OKeeffe, A Portrait. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

Stieglitz, Alfred. "Letter from Alfred Stieglitz to Olivia Paine of the Museum's Print Department." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 7 (March, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Stieglitz, Alfred. "The Boston Museum (1922–23) and The Metropolitan Museum (1926)." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 7 (March, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Swenson, G. R. "An Interview with James Rosenquist." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 26, no. 7 (March, 1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Thaw, Eugene Victor. "The Abstract Expressionists." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 44, no. 3 (Winter, 1986–87). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.

Tice, George A. "Paterson, New Jersey: Thirty Photographs by George A. Tice." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5 (June–July, 1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Tinterow, Gary, Lisa Mintz Messinger, and Nan Rosenthal, eds. Abstract Expressionism and Other Modern Works: The Muriel Kallis Steinberg Newman Collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Tolles, Thayer. "Daniel Chester French, Paul Manship, and the John Pierpont Morgan Memorial for the Metropolitan Museum." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 41 (2006). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.

Tucker, Priscilla. "Poor Peoples' Plan." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 5 (January, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Villein, Renata. "France in Color." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5 (Apri–May, 1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Waddell, Roberta. "Will Bradley and the Poster." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5 (June–July, 1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Webb, Virginia-Lee. Perfect Documents: Walker Evans and African Art, 1935. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Wyeth, Andrew. "Two Worlds of Andrew Wyeth: Kuerners and Olsons." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 34, no. 2 (Autumn, 1976). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.

Online Titles

Adlin, Jane. "Design, 1975–present." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Bolton, Andrew. "Le Colis de Trianon-Versailles and Paris Openings." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Charleston, Beth Duncuff. "The Bikini." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Dabrowski, Magdalena. "Geometric Abstraction." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Edward Steichen (1879–1973): The Photo-Secession Years." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of American Decorative Arts. "Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959) ." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of American Decorative Arts. "Presidents of the United States of America." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Photographs. "Early Documentary Photography." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Photographs. "Paul Strand (1890–1976)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Photographs. "Walker Evans (1903–1975)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of The Costume Institute. "Costume in The Metropolitan Museum of Art." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Eklund, Douglas. "Art and Photography: 1990s–Present." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Eklund, Douglas. "Art and Photography: The 1980s." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Eklund, Douglas. "Body/Landscape: Photography and the Reconfiguration of the Sculptural Object." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Eklund, Douglas. "Conceptual Art and Photography." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Eklund, Douglas. "Photography in the Expanded Field: Painting, Performance, and the Neo-Avant-Garde." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Eklund, Douglas. "The Pictures Generation." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Fineman, Mia. "Kodak and the Rise of Amateur Photography." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Frelinghuysen, Alice Cooney and Monica Obniski. "Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Glasscock, Jessica. "Twentieth-Century Silhouette and Support." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Gontar, Cybele. "Art Nouveau." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Goss, Jared. "Design, 1900–25." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Goss, Jared. "Design, 1950–75." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Griffith Winton, Alexandra . "Charles Eames (1907–78) and Ray Eames (1912–88)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Griffith Winton, Alexandra . "Design, 1925–50." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hemingway, Colette. "Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) and Art." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hostetler, Lisa. "Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946) and American Photography." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hostetler, Lisa. "Group f/64." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hostetler, Lisa. "Photography and Everyday Life in America, 1945–60." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hostetler, Lisa. "Pictorialism in America." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hostetler, Lisa. "The New Documentary Tradition in Photography." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hostetler, Lisa. "The Structure of Photographic Metaphors." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Koda, Harold. "Dress Rehearsal: The Origins of the Costume Institute." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Koda, Harold and Richard Martin. "Haute Couture." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Krick, Jessa. "Shoes in The Costume Institute." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Martin, Richard. "American Ingenuity: Sportswear, 1930s–1970s." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Messinger, Lisa. "Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Murphy, Jessica. "Arthur Dove (1880–1946)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Murphy, Jessica. "Charles Sheeler (1883–1965)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Murphy, Jessica. "Edward Hopper (1882–1967)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Murphy, Jessica. "Precisionism." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Mustalish, Rachel. "Modern Materials: Plastics." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Paul, Stella. "Abstract Expressionism." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Paul, Stella. "Modern Storytellers: Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Faith Ringgold." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Peck, Amelia. "Candace Wheeler (1827–1923)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Price, Shannon. "Vivienne Westwood (born 1941) and the Postmodern Legacy of Punk Style." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Reeder, Jan Glier. "Charles James (1906–1978)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Rippner, Samantha. "The Postwar Print Renaissance in America." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. and Malcolm Daniel. "Harry Burton (1879–1940): The Pharaoh's Photographer." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Rosenthal, Nan. "Jasper Johns (born 1930)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "American Women Sculptors." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848–1907)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "Bessie Potter Vonnoh (1872–1955)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "Frederic Remington (1861–1909)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Tolles, Thayer. "From Model to Monument: American Public Sculpture, 1865–1915." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Veith, Barbara. "Edward Lycett (1833–1910)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Voorhies, James. "Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946) and His Circle." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Voorhies, James. "Surrealism." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "American Impressionism." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "Childe Hassam (1859–1935)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "James McNeill Whistler (1834–1903)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "John Singer Sargent (1856–1925)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "The Ashcan School." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "Thomas Eakins (1844–1916): Painting." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Weinberg, H. Barbara. "William Merritt Chase (1849–1916)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

da Cruz, Elyssa. "Dressing for the Cocktail Hour." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

European Art in the 19th Century

Print Titles

Albis, Antoine d'. "Hard-Paste Porcelain Plates from Sèvres with Chinoiserie Decoration in Colored Golds and Platinum." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 37 (2002). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Apollinaire, Guillaume. Le Bestiaire: ou, Cortège d'Orphée. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977 (originally published in 1911).

Apraxine, Pierre. "La Divine Comtesse": Photographs of the Countess de Castiglione. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Baetjer, Katharine. British Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1575–1875. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.

Baetjer, Katharine. European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Artists Born before 1865: A Summary Catalogue. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Baldwin, Gordon, Malcolm Daniel, and Sarah Greenough, with contributions by Richard Pare, Pam Roberts, and Roger Taylor. All the Mighty World: The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852–1860. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Bareau, Juliet Wilson. "Goya and the X numbers: The 1812 Inventory and Early Acquisitions of Goya Pictures." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 31 (1996). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Beard, Geoffrey W. "William Bradshaw: Furniture Maker and Tapestry Weaver." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 37 (2002). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Benisovitch, Michel N. "An Italian Letter from Ingres." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 13, no. 7 (March, 1955). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1955.

Biddle, James. "American History on English Jugs." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 22, no. 9 (May, 1964). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964.

Boggs, Jean Sutherland. Degas, 1834–1917. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Bolles, Marion Preston. "A Second-Empire Flounce and Border." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 10 (June, 1943). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1943.

Bolles, Marion Preston. "Diana and Endymion in Brussels Lace." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 3, no. 8 (April, 1945). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1945.

Bolles, Marion Preston. "Empire Costume: An Expression of the Classical Revival." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 2, no. 6 (February, 1944). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1944.

Born, Byron A. "Josiah Wedgwood's Queensware." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 22, no. 9 (May, 1964). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964.

Bouffier, Jacques Olivier. "The Tours Sketchbook of Eugène Delacroix." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 29 (1994). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Bowlt, John E. "A Russian Luminist School? Arkhip Kuindzhi's Red Sunset on the Dnepr." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 10 (1975). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.

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Online Titles

Auricchio, Laura. "Claude Monet (1840–1926)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Auricchio, Laura. "The Transformation of Landscape Painting in France." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Barker, Elizabeth E. "John Constable (1776–1837)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Barker, Elizabeth E. "Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

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Daniel, Malcolm. "Édouard Baldus (1813–1889) ." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Gustave Le Gray (1820–1884)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Julia Margaret Cameron (1815–1879)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Louis-Rémy Robert (1810–1882)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Mission Héliographique, 1851." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Nadar (1820–1910)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Photographers in Egypt." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "Roger Fenton (1819–1869)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "The Countess da Castiglione." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "The Daguerreian Age in France: 1839–1855." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "The Industrialization of French Photography after 1860." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Daniel, Malcolm. "William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) and the Invention of Photography." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of European Paintings. "Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Galitz, Kathryn Calley. "Romanticism." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Gontar, Cybele. "Empire Style, 1800–1815." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Ives, Colta. "Japonisme." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Ives, Colta. "The Print in the Nineteenth Century." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Ives, Colta and Susan Alyson Stein. "Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890): The Drawings." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

McNab, Jessie. "Nineteenth-Century English Silver." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Meagher, Jennifer. "The Pre-Raphaelites." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Munger, Jeffrey. "Sèvres Porcelain in the Nineteenth Century." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Oshinsky, Sara J. "Christopher Dresser (1834–1904)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Oshinsky, Sara J. "Design Reform." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Oshinsky, Sara J. "European Revivalism." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Oshinsky, Sara J. "Exoticism in the Decorative Arts." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Rabinow, Rebecca. "Édouard Manet (1832–1883)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Rosenfeld, Ph.D., Jason. "The Salon and The Royal Academy." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Sardar, Marika. "The Later Ottomans and the Impact of Europe." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Voorhies, James. "Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Watt, Melinda. "Nineteenth-Century European Textile Production." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

European Art in the 20th Century

Print Titles

Adlin, Jane. Studio Glass in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Amory, Dita, ed., with essays by Dita Amory, Rika Burnham, Jack Flam, Rémi Labrusse, and Jacqueline Munck. Pierre Bonnard: The Late Still Lifes and Interiors. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.

Apollinaire, Guillaume. Le Bestiaire: ou, Cortège d'Orphée. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977 (originally published in 1911).

Baetjer, Katharine. "About Mäda." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 40 (2005). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Baetjer, Katharine. European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Artists Born before 1865: A Summary Catalogue. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Balthus. Mitsou: Forty Images. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.

Bean, Jacob. "European Drawings from the Bareiss Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 10 (June, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Belloli, Lucy. "Lost Paintings Beneath Picasso's La Coiffure." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 40 (2005). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Bolton, Andrew, with an essay by Michael Chabon. Superheroes: Fashion and Fantasy. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.

Bolton, Andrew, with contributions by Shannon Bell Price and Elyssa Da Cruz. Wild: Fashion Untamed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Bolton, Andrew, with contributions by Tim Blanks and Susannah Frankel. Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011.

Brettell, Richard R., Paul Hayes Tucker, and Natalie H. Lee. The Robert Lehman Collection. Vol. 3, Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Paintings. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.

Brunner, Kathleen. Matisse, His Art and His Textiles: The Fabric of Dreams. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2004.

Buckle, Richard, and foreword by Diana Vreeland. Diaghilev: Costumes and Designs of the Ballets Russes. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

Coen, Ester. Umberto Boccioni. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Cooper, Douglas. The Cubist Epoch. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Cooper, Douglas. "The Monets in the Metropolitan Museum." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 3 (1970). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Cooper, Douglas. "The Temperament of Juan Gris." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 8 (April, 1971). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Dabrowski, Magdalena. "Selections from The Pierre and Maria-Gaetana Matisse Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 61, no. 4 (Spring, 2004). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Daniel, Malcolm, with essays by Eugenia Parry and Theodore Reff. Edgar Degas: Photographer. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Dauterman, Carl Christian. "The Ceramic International." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 17, no. 6 (February, 1959). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1959.

Doherty, John T. "Ecclesiastical Vestments in the Modern Church." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 7 (March, 1971). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Fenton, Edward. "Edwardian Paris." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 9, no. 7 (March, 1951). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1951.

Geldzahler, Henry. Francis Bacon: Recent Paintings, 1968–1974. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.

Geldzahler, Henry. Hans Hartung: Paintings, 1971–1975. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.

Geldzahler, Henry. Josef Albers at The Metropolitan Museum of Art: An Exhibition of His Paintings and Prints. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Gere, Charlotte. "European Decorative Arts at the World's Fairs: 1850–1900." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 56, no. 3 (Winter, 1998–99). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Giroud, Vincent. "Picasso and Gertrude Stein." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 64, no. 3 (Winter, 2007). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Hunter-Stiebel, Penelope. "Art Déco: The Last Hurrah." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5 (June–July, 1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Hunter-Stiebel, Penelope. "The Decorative Arts of the Twentieth Century." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 37, no. 3 (Winter, 1979–80). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

Ives, Colta, Helen Gianbruni, and Sasha M. Newman. Pierre Bonnard: The Graphic Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1989.

Johnson, J. Stewart. Lucie Rie/Hans Coper: Masterworks by Two British Potters. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Julian, Philippe, and Diana Vreeland. La Belle Époque. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982.

Karpinski, Caroline. "Munch and Lautrec." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 23, no. 3 (November, 1964). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964.

Koda, Harold. Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.

Koda, Harold. Goddess: The Classical Mode. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.

Koda, Harold, and Andrew Bolton, with contributions by Mary E. Davis, Caroline Evans, Jared Goss, Heather Hess, Caroline Rennolds Milbank, and Kenneth E. Silver, and an introduction by Nancy J. Troy. Poiret. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Koda, Harold, and Andrew Bolton, with contributions by Rhonda Garelick, Karl Lagerfeld, Caroline Rennolds Milbank, Kenneth E. Silver, and Nancy J. Troy. Chanel. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Koda, Harold, and Kohle Yohannan. The Model as Muse: Embodying Fashion. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.

Lieberman, William S. "Modern French Tapestries." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 6, no. 5 (January, 1948). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1948.

Lieberman, William S. Twentieth-Century Art: Selections from the Collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, Painting, 1905–1945. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.

Lieberman, William S., ed. Modern Masters: European Paintings from The Museum of Modern Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.

Lipchitz, Jacques. "Jacques Lipchitz: His Life in Sculpture." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5 (June–July, 1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Martin, Richard. Cubism and Fashion. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Martin, Richard. Gianni Versace. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.

Martin, Richard. Our New Clothes: Acquisitions of the 1990s. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Martin, Richard, and Harold Koda. Christian Dior. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Martin, Richard, and Harold Koda. Madame Grès. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Mayor, A. Hyatt. "The Photographic Eye." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 5, no. 1 (Summer, 1946). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1946.

Mayor, A. Hyatt. "The World of Atget." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 10, no. 6 (February, 1952). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1952.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, introduction by Gary Tinterow. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 8, Modern Europe. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987.

Miller, R. Craig. Modern Design in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1890–1990. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1990.

Miller, Reinhold, and Gary Marotta. Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.

Naef, Weston J. The Collection of Alfred Stieglitz: Fifty Pioneers of Modern Photography. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

Rabinow, Rebecca A., ed., with Douglas W. Druick, Ann Dumas, Gloria Groom, Anne Roquebert, and Gary Tinterow. Cézanne to Picasso: Ambroise Vollard, Patron of the Avant-Garde. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.

Reff, Theodore. "The Pictures within Degas's Pictures." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 1 (1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Rewald, Sabine. Balthus. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.

Rewald, Sabine. "Balthus' Mountain Guide Revisited." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 37 (2002). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Rewald, Sabine. "Balthus's Thérèses." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 33 (1998). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Rewald, Sabine. "Dix at the Met." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 31 (1996). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Rewald, Sabine. Paul Klee: The Berggruen Klee Collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Rewald, Sabine, with essays by Ian Buruma and Matthias Eberle. Glitter and Doom: German Portraits from the 1920s. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.

Ripin, Edwin M. "A Suspicious Spinet." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 4 (February–March, 1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Rosenthal, Nan. Anselm Kiefer: Works on Paper in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Rousseau, Theodore. "New Accessions of Paintings." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 14, no. 8 (April, 1956). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1956.

Saint Laurent, Yves, with Diana Vreeland, René Huyghe, Pierre Bergé, Paloma Picasso-Lopez, Marella Agnelli, Catherine Deneuve, Duane Michals, Pierre Boulat, and Nicholas Vreeland. Yves Saint Laurent. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983.

Spies, Werner, and Sabine Rewald, ed., with essays by Sabine Rewald, Ludger Derenthal, Thomas Gaehtgens, Robert Storr, Werner Spies, and Pepe Karmel. Max Ernst: A Retrospective. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Sterling, Charles, and Margaretta Salinger. French Paintings: A Catalogue of the Collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 3, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1967.

Szabó, George. Twentieth-Century French Drawings from the Robert Lehman Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981.

Tinterow, Gary, and Susan Alyson Stein, eds., with contributions by Magdalena Dabrowski, Lisa M. Messinger, Asher Ethan Miller, Marla Prather, Rebecca A. Rabinow, Sabine Rewald, Samantha Rippner, Gary Tinterow, Lucy Belloli, Shawn Digney-Peer, Isabelle Duvernois, Rachel Mustalish, Kendra Roth, and Christel Hollevoet-Force. Picasso in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010.

Villein, Renata. "France in Color." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5 (Apri–May, 1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Virch, Claus. "Painting in France, 1900–1967." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 26, no. 8 (April, 1968). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Virch, Claus. "The Annual Summer Loan Exhibition." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 26, no. 1 (Summer, 1967). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1967.

Von Bothmer, Dietrich. "Aspects of a Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 10 (June, 1969). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969.

Wardropper, Ian. European Sculpture, 1400–1900, in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011.

William S. Lieberman. Picasso Linoleum Cuts: The Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kramer Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985.

Titles by author (3)

Mia Fineman

Print Titles

Avedon, Richard. Richard Avedon Portraits. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Hambourg, Maria Morris, Jeff L. Rosenheim, Douglas Eklund, and Mia Fineman. Walker Evans. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Online Titles

Fineman, Mia. "Kodak and the Rise of Amateur Photography." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop

This is the first major exhibition devoted to the history of doctored photographs, from hand-painted daguerreotypes and altered salt prints of the 1840s to the pre-digital dreamscapes of the late twentieth century. While Photoshop and other digital editing programs have brought about an increased awareness of the degree to which photographs can be manipulated, photographers—including such major artists as Gustave Le Gray, Henry Peach Robinson, Edward Steichen, and John Baldessari—have been fabricating, modifying, and otherwise manipulating camera images since the medium was first invented. Featuring some two hundred visually captivating photographs created in the service of art, politics, news, entertainment, and commerce, this international loan exhibition will significantly revise our understanding of photographic history as it traces the medium's complex and changing relationship to visual truth.