The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh

Search for a Met publication (from 1964)

_____
______
_______

Publication type

Thematic category

Collection / Department

Format

MetPublications

– About MetPublications

– Recently published titles

– NOW: Celebrating Arms and Armor publications

– Favorite Met titles

– Notable exhibition catalogues

– Notable collection catalogues

– Titles with full-text online

– Online publications

– All available titles

– Related posts in Now at the Met

Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh

Roehrig, Catharine H., ed., with Renée Dreyfus and Cathleen A. Keller (2005)

This title is in print.

Description

Cleopatra may be the most famous woman of ancient Egypt, but far more significant was Hatshepsut, a female pharaoh who reigned for nearly twenty years in the fifteenth century B.C., during the early period of the New Kingdom. After acting as regent for her young nephew-stepson Thutmose III, Hatshepsut assumed the title of king and exercised the full powers of the throne as senior co-ruler with Thutmose. In accordance with Egyptian ideology and representational tradition, she was often depicted as a male king. Hatshepsut's reign, fully accepted by a flourishing Egypt, introduced a period of immense artistic creativity. Some twenty years after her death, however, monuments bearing her image were ruthlessly defaced, and her name was erased from historical accounts.

All memory of this fascinating history in pharaonic lore was lost until mid-nineteenth century, when Hatshepsut was rediscovered by Egyptologists and her place in history restored. Excavation began on her most magnificent surviving monument—the temple she built at Deir el-Bahri near the Valley of the Kings, across the Nile from modern Luxor. Thousands of stone fragments found in pits near the temple were reassembled into magnificent statues of Hatshepsut, some of colossal proportions. Discoveries continue even today, and, accordingly, scholars' opinions about the historical role of this controversial female have continued to change. The ongoing debate about her reign has inspired the many authors of this volume, which accompanies a major exhibition at the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco/de Young, The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth. Recent research on Hatshepsut and the nature of her kingship is presented alongside wide-ranging discussions of the rich artistic production that marked her reign.

Essays by leading Egyptologists investigate the circumstances that allowed or compelled Hatshepsut to become king; the relationship between Hatshepsut and Thutmose III during their joint reign; powerful figures in the royal court, particularly Senenmut, Hatshepsut's architect and steward; Hatshepsut's adoption of the Egyptian conventions of royal representation in order to bolster her legitimacy, as well as her use of architecture to make political statements; and her successors' motivation for obliterating her memory. The glories of the art produced during Hatshepsut's reign are also fully explored, with discussions of the artistic results of Egypt's contact with the neighboring cultures of the Near East, Nubia, and the Aegean, and of the development of the styles displayed in monumental royal sculpture, reliefs, ceremonial objects, exquisite personal items of everyday use, and a dazzling array of jewelry. Works in the exhibition are illustrated in full color and analyzed in the two hundred catalogue entries. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh is an important investigation into the impact of Hatshepsut's reign on the history, culture, and splendid artistic output of ancient Egypt.

Table of contents

Director's Foreword
Acknowledgments
Lenders to the Exhibition
Contributors to the Catalogue
List of Maps and Plans
Note to the Reader

Introduction
Catharine H. Roehrig, Renée Dreyfus, and Cathleen A. Keller

Chronology: Kingdom, Dynastic, and Regnal Dates

Genealogy of Hatshepsut's Family

I. Setting the Scene

Models of Authority: Hatshepsut's Predecessors in Power
Ann Macy Roth

The Burial of a Royal Woman and Child of the Late Seventeenth Dynasty
Catharine H. Roehrig

Art in Transition: The Rise of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the Emergence of the Thutmoside Style in Sculpture and Relief
Edna R. Russmann

Painting in the Early Eighteenth Dynasty
Catharine H. Roehrig

Egypts Contacts with Neighboring Cultures

Egypt and Nubia: Conflict with the Kingdom of Kush
W. Vivian Davies

Egypt and the Near East: Evidence of Contact in the Material Record
Christine Lilyquist

Glass
Catharine H. Roehrig

The Tomb of Maiherperi in the Valley of the Kings
Catharine H. Roehrig

Egypt and the Aegean: Cultural Convergence in a Thutmoside Palace at Avaris
Manfred Bietak

The Role of Amun
James P. Allen

II. Hatshepsut and her Court

Hatshepsut: Princess to Queen to Co-Ruler
Peter F. Dorman

The Tomb of Ramose and Hatnefer
Peter F. Dorman

The Joint Reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III
Cathleen A. Keller

The Royal Court
Cathleen A. Keller

The Royal Steward, Senenmut

The Career of Senenmut
Peter F. Dorman

Senenmut, Royal Tutor to Princess Neferure
Catharine H. Roehrig

The Statuary of Senenmut
Cathleen A. Keller

The Tombs of Senenmut
Peter F. Dorman

III. Hatshepsut's Building Projects

Djeser-Djeseru

The Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri
Dieter Arnold

Foundation Deposits for the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri
Catharine H. Roehrig

Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple At Deir el-Bahri: Architecture as Political Statement
Ann Macy Roth

The Statuary of Hatshepsut
Cathleen A. Keller

The Shrines to Hathor at Deir el-Bahri
Diana Craig Patch

Faience Bowls
Susan J. Allen

The Temple of Mut: New Evidence on Hatshepsut's Building Activity
Betsy M. Bryan

The Two Tombs of Hatshepsut
Catharine H. Roehrig

IV. Decorative Arts

Jewelry in the Early Eighteenth Dynasty
Diana Craig Patch

Cosmetic Equipment
Diana Craig Patch

Pottery and Stone Vessels in the Reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmore III
Susan J. Allen

Figure Vases
Catharine H. Roehrig

Animal Vases
Renée Dreyfus

Metalwork
Renée Dreyfus

Furniture and Carpentry
Renée Dreyfus

V. The Proscription

After Hatshepsut: The Military Campaigns of Thutmose III
James P. Allen

The Destruction of Hatshepsut's Memory

The Proscription of Hatshepsut
Peter F. Dorman

The Destruction of the Statues of Hatshepsut from Deir el-Bahri
Dorothea Arnold

Erasing a Reign
Ann Macy Roth

VI. The Aftermath

The Temple of Thutmose III at Deir el-Bahri
Jadwiga Lipinska

A Chronology: The Later History and Excavations of the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri
Dorothea Arnold

Hatshepsut's Reputation in History
Cathleen A. Keller

Appendix: Inscriptions of Senenmut

Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Photograph Credits

About the authors

Catharine H. Roehrig is Curator in the Department of Egyptian Art at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Renée Dreyfus is Curator of Ancient Art and Interpretation at the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.

Cathleen A. Keller is Professor in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.

Press reviews

The New York Times

"... lucid catalog ... enhances this diffuse show as it explains it."

Library Journal

"... handsomely produced and scholarly ... Although of interest to scholars, this catalog is readily accessible to general readers and will enthrall library patrons with an interest in ancient Egypt."

Choice Reviews Online

"A collection of brief, accessible essays that present current scholarship in this period of Egypt's golden age enhances this wide-ranging selection of art and artifacts. Highly recommended."

Tags

Authors

Catharine H. Roehrig | Cathleen A. Keller | Renée Dreyfus

Keywords

Egyptian Art

Print Titles

Aldred, Cyril. "Amenophis Redivivus." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 14, no. 5 (January, 1956). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1956.

Aldred, Cyril. "Hair Styles and History." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 15, no. 6 (February, 1957). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1957.

Aldred, Cyril. "Some Royal Portraits of the Middle Kingdom in Ancient Egypt." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 3 (1970). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Aldred, Cyril. "The Temple of Dendur." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 36, no. 1 (Summer, 1978). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

Allen, James P., Susan Allen, Julie Anderson, Dieter Arnold, Dorothea Arnold, Nadine Cherpion, Élisabeth David, Nicolas Grimal, Krzysztof Grzymski, Zahi Hawass, Marsha Hill, Peter Jánosi, Sophie Labée-Toutée, Audran Labrousse, Jean-Philippe Lauer, Jean Leclant, Peter Der Manuelian, N. B. Millet, Adela Oppenheim, Diana Craig Patch, Elena Pischikova, Patricia Rigault, Catharine H. Roehrig, Dietrich Wildung, and Christiane Ziegler. Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Allen, James P. The Heqanakht Papyri. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Allen, James P., with an essay by David T. Mininberg, M.D. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Allen, Susan, with an introduction by James P. Allen. Tutankhamun's Tomb: The Thrill of Discovery. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.

Arnold, Dieter, with an appendix by James P. Allen. Middle Kingdom Tomb Architecture at Lisht: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.

Arnold, Dieter, with contributions by Dorothea Arnold and Felix Arnold, and an appendix by Cheryl Haldane. The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret I. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.

Arnold, Dieter, with contributions by Dorothea Arnold and an appendix by Peter F. Dorman. The Pyramid of Senwosret I. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Arnold, Dorothea. "Amenemhat I and the Early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991.

Arnold, Dorothea. "An Egyptian Bestiary." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 52, no. 4 (Spring, 1995). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Arnold, Dorothea, Lyn Green, and James Allen. The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Arnold, Dorothea. When the Pyramids Were Built: Egyptian Art of the Old Kingdom. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Becker, Lawrence. "An Egyptian Silver Statuette of the Saite Period: A Technical Study." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 29 (1994). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.

Ben-Tor, Daphna. "Two Royal-Name Scarabs of King Amenemhat II from Dahshur." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 39 (2004). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.

Bull, Ludlow Seguine. "Fragment of a Statue of Ramesses II." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 7 (March, 1943). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1943.

Cardon, Patrick D. "Amenmesse: An Egyptian Royal Head of the Nineteenth Dynasty in the Metropolitan Museum." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 14 (1979). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

Clark, Charlotte R. "An Egyptian Bronze Aegis." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 12, no. 3 (November, 1953). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1953.

Clark, Charlotte R. "Costume Jewelry in Egypt in the XVIII Dynasty." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 8, no. 5 (January, 1950). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1950.

Clark, Charlotte R. "Egyptian Jewelry." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 10, no. 3 (November, 1951). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1951.

Clark, Charlotte R. "Egyptian Weavings in 2000 B.C." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 3, no. 1 (Summer, 1944). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1944.

Clark, Charlotte R. "The Egyptian Mother Goddess." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 4, no. 9 (May, 1946). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1946.

Clark, Charlotte R. "The Sacred Ibis." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 13, no. 5 (January, 1955). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1955.

D'Alton, Martina. "The New York Obelisk or How Cleopatra's Needle Came to New York and What Happened When It Got Here." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 50, no. 4 (Spring, 1993). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993.

Dorman, Peter. "Egyptian Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 41, no. 3 (Winter, 1983–84). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983.

Eames, Clare. "The Emperor's Cabinet." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 17, no. 4 (December, 1958). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1958.

Edwards, I. E. S. Treasures of Tutankhamun. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.

Edwards, I. E. S. Tutankhamun: His Tomb and Its Treasures. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977.

Edwards, I. E. S. "Tutankhamun." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 34, no. 3 (Winter, 1976–77). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.

Fay, Biri. "Egyptian Duck Flasks of Blue Anhydrite." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 33 (1998). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Fischer, Henry George. "A Foreman of Stoneworkers and His Family." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 17, no. 6 (February, 1959). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1959.

Fischer, Henry George. "An Elusive Shape within the Fisted Hands of Egyptian Statues." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 10 (1975). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.

Fischer, Henry George. Ancient Egypt in The Metropolitan Museum Journal Supplement, Vols. 12, 13. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980, c.1987.

Fischer, Henry George. Ancient Egyptian Representations of Turtles. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1968.

Fischer, Henry George. Egyptian Studies III: Varia Nova. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Fischer, Henry George. Egyptian Titles of the Middle Kingdom: A Supplement to Wm. Ward's Index. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985.

Fischer, Henry George. "Egyptian Turtles." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 24, no. 6 (February, 1966). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1966.

Fischer, Henry George. "More Egyptian Names of Dogs and Other Animals." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 12 (1977). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977.

Fischer, Henry George. "More Emblematic Uses from Ancient Egypt." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 11 (1976). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.

Fischer, Henry George. "Notes on Sticks and Staves in Ancient Egypt." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 13 (1978). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

Fischer, Henry George. "Offering Stands from the Pyramid of Amenemhet I." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 7 (1973). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973.

Fischer, Henry George. "Old Kingdom Cylinder Seals for the Lower Classes." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 6 (1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Fischer, Henry George. "Organology and Iconography of Ancient Egypt and the Renaissance." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 24 (1989). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1989.

Fischer, Henry George. "Redundant Determinatives in the Old Kingdom." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 8 (1973). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973.

Fischer, Henry George. "Some Early Monuments from Busiris, in the Egyptian Delta. Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 11 (1976). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.

Fischer, Henry George. "Some Emblematic Uses of Hieroglyphs with Particular Reference to an Archaic Ritual Vessel." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 5 (1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Fischer, Henry George. "Sunshades of the Marketplace." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 6 (1972). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.

Fischer, Henry George. "The Evolution of Composite Hieroglyphs in Ancient Egypt." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 12 (1977). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977.

Fischer, Henry George. "The Gallatin Egyptian Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 25, no. 7 (March, 1967). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1967.

Fischer, Henry George. "The Mark of a Second Hand on Egyptian Antiquities." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 9 (1974). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1974.

Fischer, Henry George. "The New Egyptian Galleries." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 22, no. 7 (March, 1964). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964.

Fischer, Henry George. The Orientation of Hieroglyphs. Part 1, Reversals. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977.

Fischer, Henry George. The Tomb of 'Ip at El Saff. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Fischer, Henry George. "Two Royal Monuments of the Middle Kingdom Restored." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 22, no. 7 (March, 1964). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964.

Goedicke, Hans. Re-Used Blocks from the Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Goyon, Jean Claude. Le Papyrus d'Imouthès, fils de Psintaes, au Metropolitan Museum of Art de New-York (Papyrus MMA 35.9.21). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Habachi, Labib. "The Gneiss Sphinx of Sesostris III: Counterpart and Provenance." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vols. 19–20 (1984–85). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1984.

Hallof, Gabriele. "Dendur: The Six-Hundred-Forty-Third Stone." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 33 (1998). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Harper, Prudence Oliver. "Origin and Influence Cultural Contacts: Egypt, and the Ancient Near East, and the Classical World." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 7 (March, 1971). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Hayes, William C. "A Canopic Jar of King Nesu-Ba-Neb-Dedet of Tanis." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 5, no. 10 (June, 1947). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1947.

Hayes, William C. "A Painted Wooden Pectoral of King Ramesses III." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 5, no. 2 (October, 1946). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1946.

Hayes, William C. "An Archaic Egyptian Statue." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 4, no. 4 (December, 1945). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1945.

Hayes, William C. "Egyptian Tomb Reliefs of the Old Kingdom." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 4, no. 7 (March, 1946). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1946.

Hayes, William C. "Minor Art and Family History in the Reign of Amun-Hotpe III." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 6, no. 10 (June, 1948). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1948.

Hayes, William C. "Portrait of King Amen-Hotpe I." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 4, no. 5 (January, 1946). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1946.

Hayes, William C. "Recent Additions to the Egyptian Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 7, no. 2 (October, 1948). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1948.

Hayes, William C. "Royal Portraits of the Twelfth Dynasty." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 5, no. 4 (December, 1946). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1946.

Hayes, William C. The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

Hayes, William C. The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, The Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (1675–1080 B.C.). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978.

Hill, Marsha. "A Bronze Statuette of Thutmose III." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 32 (1997). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.

Hill, Marsha. "The Gulbenkian Torso of King Pedubaste: Investigations into Egyptian Large Bronze Statuary." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 40 (2005). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Hill, Marsha, and Charles K. Wilkinson. Egyptian Wall Paintings: The Metropolitan Museum of Art's Collection of Facsimiles. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983.

Hill, Marsha, and Deborah Schorsch, eds. Gifts for the Gods: Images from Ancient Egyptian Temples. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Josephson, Jack A. "A Fragmentary Egyptian Head from Heliopolis." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 30 (1995). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Lansing, Ambrose. "An Egyptian Painting on Linen." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 3, no. 8 (April, 1945). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1945.

Lansing, Ambrose. "An Eighteenth-Dynasty Lady." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 9 (May, 1943). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1943.

Lansing, Ambrose. "An Old Kingdom Captive." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 5, no. 6 (February, 1947). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1947.

Lansing, Ambrose. "Two Egyptian Royal Portraits." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 5, no. 7 (March, 1947). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1947.

Lilyquist, C., and R. H. Brill, with M. T. Wypyski and contributions by H. Shirahata, R. J. Koestler, and R. D. Vocke, Jr. Studies in Early Egyptian Glass. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993.

Lilyquist, Christine. "The Gold Bowl Naming General Djehuty: A Study of Objects and Early Egyptology." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 23 (1988). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1988.

Lilyquist, Christine, with contributions by Edward W. Castle. Egyptian Stone Vessels: Khian through Tuthmosis IV. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Lilyquist, Christine, with contributions by James E. Hoch and A. J. Peden. The Tomb of Three Foreign Wives of Tuthmosis III. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.

Mertens, Joan R. "Attic White-Ground Cups: A Special Class of Vases." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 9 (1974). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1974.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Ancient Egypt in the Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vols. 1–11.. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Part 2: The Egyptian Expedition 1928–1929." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 25, no. 11 (November, 1930). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1930.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Part 2: The Egyptian Expedition 1929–1930." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 25, no. 12 (December, 1930). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1930.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Part 2: The Egyptian Expedition 1931–1932." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 28, no. 4 (April, 1933). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1933.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Part 2: The Egyptian Expedition 1934–1935." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 30, no. 11 (November, 1935). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1935.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Part 2: The Egyptian expedition 1933–1934." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 11 (October, 1934). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1934.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "The Egyptian Expedition." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 27, no. 3 (March, 1932). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1932.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wonderful Things: The Discovery of Tutankhamuns Tomb. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, introduction by Peter Dorman, Prudence Oliver Harper, and Holly Pittman. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, Egypt and the Ancient Near East. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Meulenaere, Herman de. "La statue d'un chef de chanteurs d'epoque Saite." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 8 (1973). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973.

Milleker, Elizabeth J., Christopher Lightfoot, Melanie Holcomb, Marsha Hill, Jean Evans, Joan Aruz, Denise Patry Leidy, and Julie Jones. The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Newman, Richard. "Technical Report: Organic Residues from Egyptian Blue Anhydrite Duck Flasks and Other Anhydrite Vessels." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 33 (1998). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Patch, Diana Craig. Dawn of Egyptian Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012.

Phillips, Dorothy Fern Williams. "A Sculptor's Shawabty Box." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 6, no. 7 (March, 1948). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1948.

Phillips, Dorothy Fern Williams. "Fish Tales and Fancies." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 2, no. 6 (February, 1944). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1944.

Phillips, Dorothy Fern Williams. "Greetings for the New Year." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 3, no. 5 (January, 1945). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1945.

Pischikova, Elena. "Reliefs from the Tomb of the Vizier Nespakashuty: Reconstruction, Iconography, and Style." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 33 (1998). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "Life along the Nile: Three Egyptians of Ancient Thebes." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 60, no. 1 (Summer, 2002). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Roehrig, Catharine H., ed., with Renée Dreyfus and Cathleen A. Keller. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Rogers, Elizabeth A. "An Egyptian Wine Bowl of the XIX Dynasty." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 6, no. 5 (January, 1948). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1948.

Russmann, Edna R. "The Statue of Amenemope-em-hat." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 8 (1973). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1973.

Schlick-Nolte, Birgit. "An Egyptian Glass Vessel in the Metropolitan Museum of Art." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 4 (1971). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971.

Schwarz, Bruce. "Harry Burton's Photographs of the Metropolitan's Excavations at Deir el-Bahri." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 42 (2007). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Scott, Nora E. "A Stela and an Ostracon: Two Aquisitions from Deir El Medineh." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 21, no. 4 (December, 1962). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1962.

Scott, Nora E. "Amun-Hotpe the Magnificent." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 15, no. 6 (February, 1957). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1957.

Scott, Nora E. "Egyptian Accessions." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 6, no. 2 (October, 1947). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1947.

Scott, Nora E. "Egyptian Cubit Rods." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 1 (Summer, 1942). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1942.

Scott, Nora E. "Egyptian Jewelry." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 22, no. 7 (March, 1964). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964.

Scott, Nora E. "Memy-Sabu and His Wife." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 7, no. 3 (November, 1948). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1948.

Scott, Nora E. "Our Egyptian Furniture." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 24, no. 4 (December, 1965). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1965.

Scott, Nora E. "Recent Additions to the Egyptian Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 15, no. 3 (November, 1956). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1956.

Scott, Nora E. "The Cat of Bastet." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 17, no. 1 (Summer, 1958). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1958.

Scott, Nora E. "The Lute of the Singer Har-Mose." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 2, no. 5 (January, 1944). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1944.

Scott, Nora E. "The Metternich Stela." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 9, no. 8 (April, 1951). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1951.

Scott, Nora E. "Two Reliefs of the Early Old Kingdom." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 19, no. 7 (March, 1961). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1961.

Scott, Nora E. "Two Statue Groups of the V Dynasty." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 11, no. 4 (December, 1952). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1952.

Simpson, William Kelly. "A IV Dynasty Portrait Head." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 7, no. 10 (June, 1949). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1949.

Simpson, William Kelly. "An Egyptian Statuette of a Phoenician God." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 10, no. 6 (February, 1952). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1952.

Simpson, William Kelly. "The Tell Basta Treasure." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 8, no. 2 (October, 1949). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1949.

Spurr, Stephen, Nicholas Reeves, and Stephen Quirke. Egyptian Art at Eton College: Selections from the Myers Museum. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Stauffer, Annemarie, with essays by Marsha Hill, Helen C. Evans, and Daniel Walker. Textiles of Late Antiquity. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995.

Wilkinson, Charles Kyrle. "Egyptian Wall Paintings: The Metropolitan Museum's Collection of Facsimiles." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 36, no. 4 (Spring, 1979). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

Winlock, H. E. "Excavating in Egypt." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 33, no. 2 (Summer, 1975). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975.

Winlock, Herbert E., with an introduction by Dorothea Arnold. Tutankhamun's Funeral. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010.

Young, Eric. "An Offering to Thoth: A Votive Statue from the Gallatin Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 25, no. 7 (March, 1967). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1967.

Young, Eric. "Sculptors' Models or Votives?: In Defense of a Scholarly Tradition." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 22, no. 7 (March, 1964). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1964.

Yurco, Frank J. "Amenmesse: Six Statues at Karnak." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 14 (1979). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1979.

Online Titles

Allen, James and Marsha Hill. "Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period (1070–712 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Allen, Susan. "Kings and Queens of Egypt." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Arnold, Dieter. "The Private Tombs North of the Senwosret III Pyramid Complex, Dahshur." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Arnold, Dieter. "The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III in the Cemeteries of Dahshur." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Arnold, Dorothea. "Tutankhamun's Funeral." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Egyptian Art. "List of Rulers of Ancient Egypt and Nubia." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Egyptian Art. "List of Rulers of Ancient Sudan." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Egypt in the Late Period (ca. 712–332 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Egypt in the Middle Kingdom (2030–1640 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Egypt in the New Kingdom (ca. 1550–1070 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Egypt in the Old Kingdom (ca. 2649–2150 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Frantz, Tony and Deborah Schorsch. "Egyptian Red Gold." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Kamrin, Janice. "Enigma." 82nd & Fifth. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013.

Oppenheim, Adela. "Queens and Princesses in the Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III, Dahshur." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Oppenheim, Adela. "The Temples of Senwosret III at Dahshur." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Patch, Diana Craig. "Egyptian Amulets." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Patch, Diana Craig. "Precious Metals from Tell Basta." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Reeves, Nicholas. "Fragment." 82nd & Fifth. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "An Artisan's Tomb in New Kingdom Egypt." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "Egyptian Tombs: Life Along the Nile." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "The Housemistress in New Kingdom Egypt: Hatnofer." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "The Tomb of Wah." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Wadi Kubbaniya (ca. 17,000–15,000 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Titles by author (15)

Renée Dreyfus

Print Titles

Roehrig, Catharine H., ed., with Renée Dreyfus and Cathleen A. Keller. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Cathleen A. Keller

Print Titles

Roehrig, Catharine H., ed., with Renée Dreyfus and Cathleen A. Keller. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Catharine H. Roehrig

Print Titles

Aruz, Joan, Kim Benzel, and Jean Evans, eds., with Catharine Roehrig, Isabel Stuenkel, Sarah Graff, Dorothea Arnold, Susan Allen, Mogens Trolle Larsen. Béatrice André-Salvini, Jean-Claude Margueron, Paolo Matthiae, Michel Al-Maqdissi, Bassam Jamous, Suzy Hakimian, Robert B. Koehl, Thomas Schneider, Geneviève Pierrat-Bonnefois, Michèle Casanova, Jean-François De Lapérouse, Jack M. Sasson, Kim Benzel, David O'Connor, Peter Lacovara, Christos G. Doumas, Manfred Bietak, Irving Finkel, Mario Liverani, Ira Spar, Andreas Müller-Karpe, Aygül Süel, Mustafa Suel, Andreas Schachner, Gary Beckman, K. Aslihan Yener, Jean M. Evans, Peter Pfalzner, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, Lena Papazoglou-Manioudak, Vasilis Aravantinos, Cemal Pulak, Sophie Cluzan, Annie Caubet, Sarah P. Morris, Marian Feldman, Glenn M. Schwartz, and Eric H. Cline. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.

Mertens, Joan R. "Ancient Art: Gifts from the Norbert Schimmel Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 49, no. 4 (Spring, 1992). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "Life along the Nile: Three Egyptians of Ancient Thebes." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 60, no. 1 (Summer, 2002). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Roehrig, Catharine H., ed., with Renée Dreyfus and Cathleen A. Keller. Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Online Titles

"Egypt in the Middle Kingdom (2030–1640 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Egypt in the New Kingdom (ca. 1550–1070 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Egypt in the Old Kingdom (ca. 2649–2150 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "An Artisan's Tomb in New Kingdom Egypt." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "Egyptian Tombs: Life Along the Nile." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "The Housemistress in New Kingdom Egypt: Hatnofer." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. "The Tomb of Wah." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Roehrig, Catharine H. and Malcolm Daniel. "Harry Burton (1879–1940): The Pharaoh's Photographer." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh

Hatshepsut (Hat-shep-soot), the first important female ruler known to history, lived a thousand years after the pyramids were built and seventeen centuries after the Egyptians had begun writing their language in hieroglyphs. She ruled Egypt for two decades (ca. 1473–1458 B.C.) during Egypt's Dynasty 18. Although less familiar to modern audiences than her much later successor, the notorious Cleopatra (51–30 B.C.), Hatshepsut's achievements were far more significant. Ruling first as regent for, then as co-ruler with, her nephew Thutmose III (who ruled for another thirty-three years after her death), Hatshepsut enjoyed a relatively peaceful reign, at the beginning of the New Kingdom. During this time, she restored monuments destroyed during the disruptive Second Intermediate Period, when northern Egypt was controlled by a dynasty of Asian princes and southern Egypt by a dynasty of Egyptians based in Thebes. She renewed trade with western Asia to the east, the far-off land of Punt to the south, and the Aegean Islands to the north. The resulting economic prosperity was reflected in the art of the time, which is characterized by remarkable innovations in sculpture and decorative arts and produced such architectural marvels as Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri. For reasons that are still unclear, twenty years after Hatshepsut died her nephew had her statues smashed and her name and image erased from all monuments. In spite of this deliberate destruction, the memory of a female ruler persisted for more than a thousand years. In the third century B.C., an Egyptian priest named Manetho, who was writing a history of Egypt, included a twenty-one year reign for a female pharaoh in early Dynasty 18....