Hudson River School Visions: The Landscapes of Sanford R. Gifford

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Lake Nemi, 1856–57. Sanford Robinson Gifford (American, 1823–1880). Lent by the Toledo Museum of Art; Purchased with Funds from the Florence Scott Libbey Bequest in Memory of her Father, Maurice A. Scott. More about This Exhibition The noted American painter Sanford Robinson Gifford (1823–1880)—a master of the atmospheric landscape, who was the subject of the very first monographic exhibition in the Metropolitan's history 123 years ago—was the subject of a major retrospective at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. This showing of Gifford's work was the first in more than thirty years and only the second since his Memorial Exhibition at the Museum in 1880. On view from October 8, 2003 through February 8, 2004, "Hudson River School Visions: The Landscapes of Sanford R. Gifford" featured some seventy paintings reflecting the artist's travels in America, Europe, and the Middle East. Brought together from museums and private collections in America and abroad, the works in the exhibition included several that have never before been shown. A highlight was Gifford's last major painting, the ethereal masterpiece of sunlight and shadow from 1880, Ruins of the Parthenon (Corcoran Gallery of Art). The exhibition was made possible by Deedee and Barrie Wigmore. The exhibition was organized by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the National Gallery of Art, Washington. More about Sanford Gifford More about the Hudson River School Exhibition Organizers Exhibition Publication Educational Programs Exhibition Venue

More about Sanford Gifford
Sanford Gifford began training in New York City to be a portrait painter, but—inspired by the work of the American landscapist Thomas Cole—turned to landscape painting. Gifford spent the summer of 1846 touring and sketching in the Catskill and Berkshire mountains, and by 1847, had begun to show his work at the American Art-Union and the National Academy of Design, where he was elected an associate in 1850 and an academician in 1854.

In 1855, Gifford traveled to Europe, where he spent two-and-a-half years visiting the great repositories of art and sketching scenery in England, Scotland, France, the Low Countries, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. In England, he admired the color and light in the paintings of J. M. W. Turner, and discussed his work with the critic John Ruskin. Gifford was also impressed by the work of the French landscape painters of the Barbizon school, but wrote in his journal of the dangers of surrendering to a particular method or school of painting, lest they "usurp the place of Nature."

When Gifford returned to the United States in 1857, he took up quarters in the new Tenth Street Studio Building in New York City but left it nearly every summer to sketch in the countryside. Favorite settings in this period were the Catskills, the Adirondacks, the Green Mountains in Vermont, the White Mountains in New Hampshire, and various locales in Maine and Nova Scotia. The artist's fascination with the transfiguring effects of light on native scenery is apparent in works such as the 1862 painting, A Gorge in the Mountains (formerly Kauterskill Clove; The Metropolitan Museum of Art), in which the radiant afternoon sun hovers over an idyllic mountain gorge.

During the early years of the Civil War, Gifford served in New York's renowned Seventh Regiment. His experiences during the war inspired a number of paintings of Union campsites in Virginia and Maryland, and informed several works, such as Hunter Mountain, Twilight (Terra Foundation for the Arts), a melancholy landscape of 1866.

In 1868, Gifford went abroad for a second and last time, spending more than a year traveling in Europe and the Middle East. The mirrorlike waters and luminous aerial effects that typify Leander's Tower on the Bosphorus (1876) and Isola Bella in Lago Maggiore (1871) are based on studies from this time (Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museums and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, respectively).

Gifford, along with notable artists and civic leaders of the day, was a founder of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1870. After he died in 1880, he was honored with the Metropolitan's first monographic retrospective and a memorial catalogue of his known pictures.

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More about the Hudson River School
The Hudson River School, first identified at the end of its heyday, was a fraternity of artists who worked principally in New York City from about 1840 to 1875. Together, they raised landscape painting to preeminent status in America in the mid-nineteenth century. Originally attracted by the grandeur of natural scenery along the Hudson River and in New England, the painters interpreted both the wilderness and the pastoral face of a growing and changing nation.

Thomas Cole (1801–1848) was the founding figure of the school. He attracted the engraver Asher B. Durand (1796–1886) to landscape painting, and together they constituted the first generation of the group. Cole and Durand influenced a second generation of younger painters, including Gifford and his colleagues Frederic Edwin Church (1826–1900), John Kensett (1816–1872), Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902), and Worthington Whittredge (1820–1910).

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Exhibition Organizers
The exhibition was organized by Franklin Kelly, senior curator of British and American Painting, The National Gallery of Art, and Kevin J. Avery, associate curator, Department of American Paintings and Sculpture, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, with the assistance of Claire A. Conway, research assistant, Department of American Paintings and Sculpture. For the showing at the Metropolitan Museum, exhibition design was by Michael Langley, exhibition designer; graphics were by Constance Norkin, graphic designer; and lighting was by Clint Coller and Rich Lichte, lighting assistants, all of the Museum's Design Department.

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Exhibition Publication
The exhibition was accompanied by a fully illustrated catalogue, which features essays by the exhibition's co-curators Kevin Avery and Franklin Kelly, and by Eleanor Jones Harvey, Luce Center Curator, Smithsonian American Art Museum, and Heidi Applegate, doctoral candidate, Columbia University. Published by The Metropolitan Museum of Art and distributed by Yale University Press, the catalogue is available in the Museum's bookshops and online in the Met Store.

The exhibition catalogue was made possible in part by the William Cullen Bryant Fellows of the Metropolitan Museum.

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Educational Programs
In conjunction with the exhibition, the Metropolitan Museum hosted a variety of educational programs. These included two slide-illustrated lectures by Mr. Kelly and Mr. Avery, followed by the screening of a documentary film on the paintings of the Hudson River School, an all-day symposium, "New Light on American Landscape Painting."

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Exhibition Venue
After its showing at the Metropolitan Museum, the exhibition was on view at the Amon Carter Museum (Fort Worth, Texas) and at the National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.).

The Washington venue of the exhibition was made possible by the Henry Luce Foundation.

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