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Anatomy of a Masterpiece: How to Read Chinese Paintings

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Enlarge 北宋 郭熙 樹色平遠圖 卷
Guo Xi (ca. 1000–ca. 1090)
Old Trees, Level Distance
Handscroll; ink and color on silk; 13 3/4 x 41 1/4 in. (35.9 x 104.8 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, John M. Crawford, Jr., Collection, Gift of John M. Crawford, Jr., in honor of Douglas Dillon, 1981 (1981.276)

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Guo Xi was the preeminent landscape painter of the late eleventh century. Friends with many leading scholar-officials including the poets Su Shi and Huang Tingjian, Guo sought to give form to poetic images and emotions rather than the "principles" (li) of nature. He was particularly interested in conveying the nuances of season and time of day.

Guo Xi's painting is a variation on the classic level distance formula originated by Li Cheng (919�967)�tall foreground trees set against a wide river valley. The "level distance" (pingyuan) composition�a view across a broad lowland expanse�is one of three conventional ways that early Chinese artists conceptualized landscape. The other two are "high distance" (gaoyuan), a view of towering mountains, and a "deep distance" (shenyuan), a view past tall mountains into the distance. Although Guo continued the Li Cheng idiom of "crab-claw" trees and "devil-face" rocks, his innovative brushwork and use of ink are rich, almost extravagant, in contrast to the earlier master's severe and sparing style.

Old Trees, Level Distance compares closely in brushwork and forms to Early Spring, Guo Xi's masterpiece dated 1072, in the National Palace Museum, Taibei. In both paintings, landscape forms simultaneously emerge from and recede into a dense, moisture-laden atmosphere: rocks and distant mountains are suggested by outlines, texture strokes, and ink washes that run into each other to create an impression of wet, blurry surfaces. Guo Xi describes his technique in his painting treatise: "After the outlines are made clear by dark ink strokes, use ink wash mixed with blue to retrace these outlines repeatedly so that, even if the ink outlines are clear, they appear always as if they had just come out of the mist and dew" (Linquan gaozhi [Lofty Ambitions in Forests and Streams]).

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