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Joseph Mallord William Turner (English, 1775–1851)
Norham Castle, Sunrise, ca. 1845
Oil on canvas; 90.8 x 121 in. (35 3/4 x 47 5/8 cm)
Tate, London, Turner Bequest, 1856
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Like Europa and the Bull (on view in the exhibition), this unfinished view of Norham Castle represents a reworking of an earlier mezzotint published in Turner's Liber Studiorum in 1816. Over nearly fifty years, Turner produced six finished watercolors of this castle along the Scottish border, attesting to the endurance of the motif. In 1906, when this painting was first exhibited along with Turner's other late unfinished oils, critics were struck by what they perceived as their precocious abstraction: "We have never seen Turner before!"
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