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Aztec Stone Sculpture

• 
  Water Deity (Chalchihuitlicue), 15th–early 16th century
  Mexico; Aztec
  Stone

  H. 11 5/8 in. (29.5 cm)
  Museum Purchase, 1900 (00.5.72)

• 
  Deity as Standard Bearer, 15th–early 16th century
  Mexico; Aztec
  Stone

  H. 28 1/2 in. (72.4 cm)
  Museum Purchase, 1900 (00.5.8)

• 
  Deity Figure (Cihuateotl), 15th–early 16th century
  Mexico; Aztec
  Stone

  H. 26 in. (66 cm)
  Museum Purchase, 1900 (00.5.30)

• 
  Female Figure, 15th–early 16th century
  Mexico; Aztec
  Stone

  H. 21 1/2 in. (54.6 cm)
  Museum Purchase, 1900 (00.5.16)

• 
  Coiled Serpent, 15th–early 16th century
  Mexico; Aztec
  Stone

  H. 11 1/2 in. (29.2 cm)
  Museum Purchase, 1900 (00.5.32)

• 
  Head of a Water Deity, 15th–early 16th century
  Mexico; Aztec
  Basalt

  H. 9 in. (23 cm)
  Museum Purchase, 1900 (00.5.44)

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Aztec stone sculpture is the culmination of a long Mesoamerican tradition in the carving of stone—from ordinary volcanic rock to highly prized semi-precious stones such as jade—into objects and monuments of all sorts. The tradition began with the Olmec peoples of the Gulf Coast in the second millennium B.C., if not earlier. Literally thousands of Aztec sculptures, ranging from intimately scaled, personal works to public monuments standing up to ten feet tall, were carved fully in the round or in relief. Many still exist despite massive destruction by the Spaniards, who considered them to be heathen idols.

Even historic monuments were elevated to the realm of the divine and ceremony by the addition of religious symbols.

Related

Timelines (4)

• Maya Area, 1400–1600 A.D.
• Mexico and Central America: Native Peoples, 1600–1800 A.D.
• Mexico, 1000–1400 A.D.
• Mexico, 1400–1600 A.D.

Primary Thematic Essays (5)

• Cerro Sechin: Stone Sculpture
• La Venta: Stone Sculpture
• Monte Alban: Stone Sculpture
• Tenochtitlan
• Tenochtitlan: Templo Mayor

Other Thematic Essays (8)

• Arts of the Spanish Americas, 1550–1850
• Birds of the Andes
• Dualism in Andean Art
• La Venta
• Moche Decorated Ceramics
• Music in the Ancient Andes
• Prehistoric Stone Sculpture from New Guinea
• Tikal: Stone Sculpture

Maps (4)

• Mesoamerica and Central America, 1000–1400 a.d.
• Mesoamerica and Central America, 1400–1600 a.d.
• World, 1000–1400 a.d.
• World, 1400–1600 a.d.

Index Terms (14)

Art Movement/Style

• Aztec Art of the Americas
• Olmec Art of the Americas
• Veracruz Art of the Americas

Geography/Place

• Central America
• Mexico

Material and Technique

• Jade
• Sculpture in the Round from Central America
• Semi–Precious

Subject Matter/Theme

• Archaeology from Central America
• Childbirth
• Indigenous Deity from Central America
• Indigenous Sculpture in the Round
• Spring
• Stone with Seasonal Imagery

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The most accomplished sculptors in the Aztec empire carved impressive images of the gods, often of large size, for display in temples and public spaces in Tenochtitlan's Sacred Precinct. The sculptures served to communicate the concepts of Aztec religion and were part of complex rituals; even historic monuments were elevated to the realm of the divine and ceremony by the addition of religious symbols. The subjects portrayed were many, but images of gods and goddesses were by far the most numerous. Sculptors followed basic conventions for portraying deity figures: customarily shown in frontal view and strictly symmetrical, females are frequently kneeling, their hands resting on their knees, while male figures are often sitting with their knees drawn up and their arms crossed upon them. Ageless faces—inlaid eyes and half-open mouths lend them a lifelike look—lack individuality. Of grave expression, they portray the Aztec ideals of female beauty and male strength. Attributes, often including animal features such as fangs and claws, and attire specific to each deity such as headdresses, pectorals, and facial ornaments are carefully rendered. These were recognizable to the worshippers.

Animals and plants, lidded boxes, sacrificial vessels, and musical instruments were also made. Aztec carvers used simple stone and hardwood tools, fiber cords, water, and sand to carve the hard stones into works that ranged from barely hewn rocks to intricately detailed, superbly finished masterpieces.

Heidi King Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Citation King, Heidi. "Aztec Stone Sculpture". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/azss/hd_azss.htm (October 2003) Further Reading Pasztory, Esther. Aztec Art. New York: Abrams, 1983. Solís, Felipe. The Aztec Empire. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Guggenheim Museum Publications, 2004. Townsend, Richard F. The Aztecs. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2000.

These related Museum Bulletin or Journal articles may or may not represent the most current scholarship. Newton, Douglas. "The Art of Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas: A New Perspective." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 39, no. 2 (Fall, 1981). JSTOR | PDF | Supplemental PDFs "Director's Note" PDF Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy and John F. Scott. "Before Cortés: Sculpture of Middle America." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 3 (November, 1970). JSTOR | PDF Easby, Dudley T. "A Man of the People." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 21, no. 4 (December, 1962). JSTOR | PDF