Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
October 2000 (originally published)
September 2014 (last revised)
An important urban center in contemporary southwestern Nigeria, Ife’s origins can be traced as far back as the sixth century, when it began as a cluster of some thirteen hamlets. Ife holds particular significance to the Yoruba, a traditionally urban people who represent one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria and on the African continent. Spreading through the African diaspora, Yoruba heritage has furthermore made important contributions to the cultures of Cuba, Brazil, and the United States. The many religious arts of the Yoruba have long served to mediate relations between worshippers and an elaborate pantheon of gods, and have more recently expanded to address the Muslim and Christian faiths. Yoruba peoples today maintain a plurality of views but remain linked by a common cultural heritage.
According to the Yoruba worldview, Ife is the place of origin of all humankind and is therefore of particular religious and political importance. Here the deities Odudua and Obatala, under instruction from the creator Olodumare, began the creation of the world. Obatala has become associated primarily with the creation of the first humans with clay, while Odudua’s legacy as the first divine king of the Yoruba is political. Yoruba monarchs still trace their lineage back to the founding of Ife, and it remains the seat of Yoruba sacred kingship. The oni (king) of Ife, himself considered to be descended from the god Odudua, determines the legitimacy of all other Yoruba kings by assessing their right to wear royal beaded crowns.
Between ca. 1200 and 1500, Ife developed into a flourishing artistic center. The discovery of Ife’s now famous naturalistic bronzes, terracottas, and stone sculptures challenged European assumptions about the nature of African art and initiated significant debates concerning the antiquity of its past.
Citation
Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. “Ife (from ca. 6th Century).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ife/hd_ife.htm (originally published October 2000, last revised September 2014)
Further Reading
Garlake, Peter. Early Art and Architecture of Africa, pp. 117–139. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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Related Essays
- Ife Pre-Pavement and Pavement Era (800–1000 A.D.)
- Ife Terracottas (1000–1400 A.D.)
- Women Leaders in African History, 17th–19th Century
- African Rock Art
- The Age of Iron in West Africa
- Apollo 11 (ca. 25,500–23,500 B.C.) and Wonderwerk (ca. 8000 B.C.) Cave Stones
- Arts of the San People in Nomansland
- Benin Chronology
- Exchange of Art and Ideas: The Benin, Owo, and Ijebu Kingdoms
- Inland Niger Delta
- The Monumental Stelae of Aksum (3rd–4th Century)
- Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.)
- San Ethnography
Chronology
Map
Keywords
- 10th Century A.D.
- 11th Century A.D.
- 12th Century A.D.
- 13th Century A.D.
- 14th Century A.D.
- 15th Century A.D.
- 6th Century A.D.
- 7th Century A.D.
- 8th Century A.D.
- 9th Century A.D.
- Africa
- Christianity
- Deity / Religious Figure
- Eastern Africa
- Guinea Coast
- Islam
- Islamic Art
- Lower Niger Bronze Industry
- Nigeria
- Religious Art
- Ruler
- Sculpture
- Sculpture in the Round
- Stone
- Terracotta
- United States
- Western Africa
- Yoruba Art