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Ife (from ca. 350 b.c.)

An important urban center in contemporary southwestern Nigeria, Ife's origins can be traced back to around 350 B.C., when it began as a cluster of some thirteen hamlets. Ife holds particular significance to the Yoruba, a traditionally urban people who represent one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria and on the African continent. Spreading through the African diaspora, Yoruba heritage has furthermore made important contributions to the cultures of Cuba, Brazil, and the United States. The many religious arts of the Yoruba have long served to mediate relations between worshippers and an elaborate pantheon of gods, and have more recently expanded to address the Muslim and Christian faiths. Yoruba peoples today maintain a plurality of views but remain linked by a common cultural heritage.

The discovery of Ife's now famous naturalistic bronzes, terracottas, and stone sculptures challenged European assumptions about the nature of African art and initiated significant debates concerning the antiquity of its past.

Related

Cited Works of Art or Images (1)

• 

Timelines (2)

• Guinea Coast, 1000–1400 a.d.
• Guinea Coast, 500–1000 a.d.

Primary Thematic Essays (3)

• Ife Pre-Pavement and Pavement Era (800–1000 A.D.)
• Ife Terracottas (1000–1400 A.D.)
• Origins and Empire: the Benin, Owo,and Ijebu Kingdoms

Other Thematic Essays (17)

• African Lost-Wax Casting: Bronze, Copper, and Brass
• African Rock Art
• African Rock Art of the Central Zone
• African Rock Art of the Northern Zone
• African Rock Art of the Southern Zone
• African Rock Art: Game Pass
• African Rock Art: Tassili-n-Ajjer (?8000 B.C.–?)
• African Rock Art: The Coldstream Stone
• Apollo 11 (ca. 25,500–23,500 B.C.) and Wonderwerk (ca. 8000 B.C.) Cave Stones
• Arts of the San People in Nomansland
• Benin Chronology
• Exchange of Art and Ideas: the Benin, Owo, and Ijebu Kingdoms
• Inland Niger Delta
• Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.)
• San Ethnography
• The Age of Iron in West Africa
• The Monumental Stelae of Aksum (3rd

Maps (3)

• Africa, 1-500 A.D.
• Africa, 1000 B.C.
• World, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D.

Index Terms (3)

Art Movement/Style

• Lower Niger Bronze Industry of Western Africa

Geography/Place

• Guinea Coast

Subject Matter/Theme

• Ruler from Africa

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According to the Yoruba worldview, Ife is the place of origin of all humankind and is therefore of particular religious and political importance. Here the deities Odudua and Obatala, under instruction from the creator Olodumare, began the creation of the world. Obatala has become associated primarily with the creation of the first humans with clay, while Odudua's legacy as the first divine king of the Yoruba is political. Yoruba monarchs still trace their lineage back to the founding of Ife, and it remains the seat of Yoruba sacred kingship. The Oni (King) of Ife, himself considered to be descended from the god Odudua, determines the legitimacy of all other Yoruba kings by assessing their right to wear royal beaded crowns.



In the latter half of the first millennium A.D., Ife began to develop into a flourishing artistic center. The discovery of Ife's now famous naturalistic bronzes, terracottas, and stone sculptures challenged European assumptions about the nature of African art and initiated significant debates concerning the antiquity of its past.



Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Citation Department of AAOA. "Ife (from ca. 350 B.C.)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ife/hd_ife.htm (October 2000) Related exhibitions and online features Special Exhibitions (including upcoming, current, and past exhibitions)