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By Geographical Region & Time Period

• 
  Scenes from the Tale of Genji: "The Royal Outing" (Miyuki, chapter 29), "A Boat upon the Waters" (Ukifune, chapter 51), and "The Gatehouse" (Sekiya, chapter 16), Momoyama period (1573–1615), 17th century
  Tosa Mitsuyoshi (Japanese, 1539–1613); Tosa Mitsuoki (Japanese, 1617–1691)
  Pair of four-panel folding screens; ink, color, and gold on gilded paper

  Each 65 1/2 x 140 in. (166.4 x 355.6 cm); folded: 67 1/2 x 36 3/4 x 3 3/4 in. (171.5 x 93.3 x 9.5 cm)
  Fletcher Fund, 1955 (55.94.1–.2)

• 
  Seven Gods of Good Fortune and Chinese Children, Edo period (1615–1868), 17th–18th century
  Kano Chikanobu (Japanese, 1660–1728)
  Six-panel folding screen; ink and color on paper; reverse side: ink, color, and gold on paper

  69 1/4 x 153 in. (175.9 x 388.6 cm)
  Signed: Chikanobu
  H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs. H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 (29.100.498)

• 
  Outer robe (uchikake) with theme of Mount Hôrai, Edo period (1615–1868), second half of 18th–first half of 19th century
  Japan
  Silk and metallic thread embroidery on silk satin damask with stencil-dyed details

  Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Jonas M. Goldstone, 1970 (1970.296.1)

• 
  Pair of incense boxes (kogo) in the shape of dog-charms (inuhariko), Edo period (1615–1868), ca. mid-19th century
  Japan, Minpei kilns (active 19th century)
  Porcelain with creamy glaze, polychrome and gold overglaze decoration

  H. 1 3/4 in. (4.4 cm), L. 2 1/2 in. (6.4 cm)
  Gift of Mrs. V. Everit Macy, 1923 (23.225.6a,b)

• 
  Daimyô wedding set with pine, bamboo, and cherry blossom decoration, Edo period (1615–1868), 19th century
  Japan
  Sprinkled gold, lacquer

  Hewitt Fund, 1910 (10.7.1–.31)

The social structure of the Edo period (1615–1868) developed under the strict control of the Tokugawa military regime. During this period, the families of the shogunate and provincial leaders (daimyô) arranged marriages based on political interests, and the consent of the shogunate was necessary for a daimyô wedding. The betrothed always came from the same social strata. Formal wedding ceremonies held in the Edo period were based on Muromachi-period (1392–1573) conventions. The wedding was traditionally held at night, but in the Edo period it became customary to perform the ceremony during the day, especially in the case of daimyô families. When a daimyô lord married a daughter of the shogun, the ceremony was more formal; in order to welcome his bride, the daimyô had to build a new compartment attached to his residence. Serious expenses were involved, but the political alliance fortified the position of the daimyô by raising his rank.

Wealthy and powerful daimyô ordered magnificent wedding trousseaus for their daughters, and these trousseaus became symbolic of the social rank and the political alliances upon which the marriages were founded. Preparations for the trousseau began upon the announcement of the engagement. The bride married into the groom's family, so the trousseau was an important part of the dowry taken over to the groom's estate in an elegant wedding procession. Such processions were depicted on screens and handscrolls, visual documents of the marriage on which even the names of the participants of the procession were recorded. Common townsmen had a similar tradition and well-to-do merchants ordered expensive and refined household utensils, furniture, and kimonos for their daughters. However, their wedding ceremonies were much more simple and the trousseau could have been taken over to the groom's home in a few chests. Sumptuary laws issued by the shogunate strictly limited the usage of gold and other expensive materials by lower strata to control their display of wealth.

Regardless of an owner's rank, the wedding trousseau's items were prepared with the utmost care and attention, so apart from being high-quality craftworks, they reveal contemporary customs and provide an invaluable source for studying cultural history. Surviving bridal manuals shed light upon wedding ceremony traditions and provide details such as the size, shape, material, and decoration of trousseau items. A large variety of wedding-set items are described and illustrated in the Konrei-dôgu shokikei sunpô-sho (Wedding trousseau items size manual), a woodblock-printed handbook produced in the Edo period that lists nearly 400 pieces recommended for the dowry. Wedding sets commissioned by wealthy daimyô usually contained several decorative shelves; screens and paintings, some of which depicted auspicious symbols and scenes from the Heian-period (794–1185) court classic, the Tale of Genji; cosmetic articles such as a variety of cosmetic boxes, mirrors and mirror stands, decorative basins, tooth-blackening sets, and comb and hair-ornament boxes; calligraphy and painting utensils, such as a writing box and table, containers for writing paper in various shapes, and letter boxes; different kinds of incense boxes, incense pillows, and incense game boxes; leisure articles such as poem-matching cards; musical instruments; a tea ceremony chest; tableware; kimonos; books; dolls, and so on. These articles were elaborately executed, representing the social status of the families and at the same time expressing the notion that marriage was the most important event in a woman's life. The maki-e (decoration of sprinkled gold and/or silver powder) shell-matching box had an especially important function within the wedding set. The handing over of the shell-matching box was a formal part of the wedding ceremony. The octagonal boxes were filled with shells, 360 pieces altogether, each decorated with a painted pattern on the inside, often alluding to classical literature. Only the two halves of one shell would match perfectly, a symbolization of the married couple.

Most of the furnishings and household utensils were maki-e lacquer pieces, most often decorated with similar patterns that included the two family crests to commemorate the alliance. The dowry pieces became family heirlooms, and several generations might have used the same items, a fact that often complicates the identification of the original owners. The number of items included in a warrior family's bridal trousseau was restricted according to rank and income, and under a certain income maki-e lacquer decoration was prohibited. From the mid-Edo period onward, most of the furnishings were sent a few days before the actual wedding procession took place. When everything was received at the groom's home, the trousseau was arranged formally in the dressing room. In the "wedding room," motifs representing longevity (crane, turtle, pine, bamboo, plum patterns) and other auspicious symbols such as Mount Hôrai appeared on the vessels and on the hanging scrolls or screens. For the wedding, the bride wore a white kosode kimono and uchikake outer-robe matched with a white floss silk headdress to cover her "horns" (tsunokakushi, symbolizing the bride's resolve to become a gentle and obedient wife). After the ritual drinking of sake, the bride changed into a kosode presented by the groom, which could be either a deep red or a five-color gold and silver kosode, or perhaps a kosode with a red or black background featuring auspicious symbols. The surviving pieces of the more elaborate Edo-period wedding trousseaus, decorated with symbols of longevity and good fortune, narrate for us the strictly controlled lives of the daimyô brides.

Citation Bincsik, Monika. "Japanese Weddings in the Edo Period (1615–1868)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jwed/hd_jwed.htm (March 2009) Further Reading Konrei (Trousseau Heirlooms of Daimyô Ladies). Treasures from the Tokugawa Art Museum, no. 7. Nagoya: Tokugawa Art Museum, 1991. Shimizu, Yoshiaki, ed. Japan: The Shaping of Daimyo Culture, 1185–1868. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1988. Related exhibitions and online features Special Exhibitions (including upcoming, current, and past exhibitions) The Art of Oribe and Momoyama Culture Art of the Samurai: Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156–1868 Flowing Streams: Scenes from Japanese Art and Life Graceful Gestures: A Decade of Collecting Japanese Art Great Waves: Chinese Themes in the Arts of Korea and Japan Masterpieces of Japanese Art from the Mary Griggs Burke Collection A Notable Acquisition of Japanese Textiles of the Edo Period (1615–1868) Storytelling in Japanese Art The Written Image: Japanese Calligraphy and Painting from the Sylvan Barnet and William Burto Collection Other Online Features The Art of South and Southeast Asia : A Resource for Educators

These related Museum Bulletin or Journal articles may or may not represent the most current scholarship. Richard, Naomi Noble. "No Motifs in the Decoration of a Mid-Edo Period Kosode," Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 25 (1990). JSTOR | PDF Okada, Barbra Teri. "Netsuke: The Small Sculptures of Japan." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 38, no. 2 (Fall, 1980). JSTOR | PDF | Supplemental PDFs "Director's Note" PDF