Japan, 2000–1000 b.c.

• ca. 2000 B.C. With intensive utilization—some scholars suggest incipient cultivation—of plants to augment ongoing hunting, fishing, and foraging efforts, the food supply and population increase, sparking the peak of the Jomon culture. Pottery vessels are produced in large quantities in a wide variety of shapes to serve many functions. An early example of ceremonial burial, the practice of interring groups of deceased individuals in shell mounds, is established.

• ca. 1500–1000 B.C. As the population disperses during this period, cultural differences between regions declines, marking the earliest appearance of widespread cultural uniformity. For example, closely related contemporaneous pottery vessels decorated with cord-markings as well as polished stone axes have been found in various parts of Japan. This trend reverses toward the end of the Jomon as the population declines and groups become increasingly isolated.

• ca. 1500–300 B.C. Clay figurines (dogu) in the shape of humans, usually female, and animals are produced, particularly in eastern Japan. The enlarged breasts and bellies of many female figures and the frequent presence of deliberate breaks suggest an association with fertility and shamanistic rites. The production of clay figurines seems to decrease significantly after the fourth century B.C.