Iraq, 1000–1400 a.d.

• 945–1055 The weakened ^cAbbasid caliphate, its political power effectively limited to Iraq, is controlled by the Buyid dynasty (932–1062), supporters of Shi^ci Islam. From this point onward, the influence of the ^cAbbasid caliphs is limited to the moral and spiritual spheres, as the heads of Orthodox Sunni Islam.

• 1055 Buyid rule comes to an end when the Seljuqs, a Turkic dynasty originally from Central Asia, take Baghdad and establish themselves as the new protectors of the ^cAbbasid caliphate and Sunni Islam.

• 1055–1194 The Seljuq sultanate, ruling in Iraq during this period, unifies West Asia through conquest. Although Seljuq rule is troubled by internal conflict and division of the realm among heirs, the arts flourish. The Seljuq cultural efflorescence continues beyond the sultanate's political influence.

• 1067 The Madrasa Nizamiya is founded in Baghdad by the great Seljuq vizier Nizam al-Mulk to support Orthodox Sunni education. Along with this institution—which soon gains immense prestige in the Islamic world—and other architectural commissions, Nizam al-Mulk is also known for his "Book of Government" (ca. 1090).

• 1127–1262 Under the Zengid Atabegs (former Seljuq officials), northern Mesopotamia (Jazira) becomes a great economic, political, and artistic center. Especially during the reigns of Nur al-Din (r. 1146–74) and former Zengid vizier Badr ad-Din Lu’lu (r. 1222–59), architecture and the arts prosper. The city of Mosul, famous for its metalwork, becomes the point of dissemination of a new kind of inlay technique.

• 1180–1242 The ^cAbbasid realm witnesses a brief revival under caliphs al-Nasir (r. 1180–1225) and al-Mustansir (r. 1226–42). A major commission from this period is the Mustansiriyya Madrasa (1228–33), the first college built for the four canonical schools of Sunni law.

• ca. 1200–1300 Baghdad is a famous center for the arts of the book during this period. Paper usage makes possible the production of books for a broader audience, including the urban bourgeoisie. The major ^cAbbasid library in Baghdad promotes the transmission of knowledge. Illustrated texts are popular and new tastes stimulate artistic vitality.

• 1258 The Mongols, represented by the Ilkhanid branch ruling in Iran (1256–1353), sack Baghdad and kill the last ^cAbbasid caliph to rule from this city, al-Mu^ctasim (r. 1242–58). The destruction is a serious blow to Islamic civilization as well as Arab rule. Baghdad becomes a provincial capital until the twentieth century. Although ^cAbbasid descendants flee to Mamluk Egypt following this event, these caliphs will have only nominal influence.

• 1258–1340 The Ilkhanids rule from the city of Tabriz in Iran. Following the Ilkhanids' conversion to Islam at the end of the thirteenth century, the arts—including religious and secular manuscript production in Baghdad—flourish again. The control of most of Asia by the Mongols—the so-called Pax Mongolica—creates an environment of tremendous cultural exchange; Chinese and other East Asian influences are seen in Islamic art.

• 1340–1411 Under the Jalayirids, a Mongol family that establishes rule during the collapse of Ilkhanid power, Baghdad once again becomes a center for art and culture. Architecture follows earlier local traditions. Among surviving buildings is the funerary complex of the Jalayirid emir Mirjan, which includes the Mirjaniyya Madrasa (1356) and caravanserai (1359).

• 1393–94 Timur (Tamerlane), the Turco-Mongolian ruler established in Central Asia, seizes control of Baghdad during this period, then returns and sacks the city in 1401.