Egyptian
Amethyst, copper
Gift of Helen Miller Gould, 1910 (10.130.910)
Scarab with the name of Hatshepsut, early Dynasty 18, reign of Hatshepsut, ca. 1473–1458 b.c.
Egyptian
Glazed steatite
Rogers Fund, 1927 (27.3.206)
Heart scarab of Ruru, Dynasty 18–20 (ca. 1550–1070 b.c.)
Egyptian
Dark green stone
Gift of Helen Miller Gould, 1910 (10.130.1650)
Naturalistic scarab, Late Period–Ptolemaic Period (ca. 688–30 b.c.)
Egyptian
Alabaster
Bequest of Mary Anna Palmer Draper, 1915 (15.43.136)
The scarab (kheper) beetle was one of the most popular amulets in ancient Egypt because the insect was a symbol of the sun god Re. This association evolved from the Egyptians' misunderstanding of the scarab's life cycle. An adult beetle lays its eggs inside a ball of dung, which is then buried underground. When the young beetles hatch, the only portion of this process easily visible to an observer is the beetle emerging fully developed from a dung ball, a seemingly magical event. Thus, the Egyptian word for scarab translates as "to come into being."
The scarab forms food balls out of fresh dung using its back legs to push the oversized spheres along the ground toward its burrow. The Egyptians equated this process with the sun's daily cycle across the sky, believing that a giant scarab moved the sun from the eastern horizon to the west each day, making the amulet a potent symbol of rebirth. The earliest scarab amulets appeared in the First Intermediate Period (ca. 2124 B.C.). During the Middle and New Kingdoms, they often were used as seals as well as amulets (ca. 2030–1070 B.C.). Scarabs remained common amulets in the Late Period (ca. 712–332 B.C.), and were still in use in Greek and Roman times (332 B.C.–364 A.D.).
