Kamatha Performing the Five Fire Penances (top) and Parsvanatha Rescuing the Snake Dharana (bottom): Folio from a Kalpasutra Manuscript

India (Gujarat)

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The Brahmin “heretic” Kamatha performs penances to test his faith before his conversion to Jainism. Four fires burn in altars and a fifth is represented as the blazing sun, seen to the left of the Brahmin’s head. In the lower register, Parsvanatha, the twenty-third jina, overseen by a lesser god (deva) on an elephant, rescues a snake from a woodcutter who disturbs it in a log. This snake proves to be the Naga king Dharana, who later protects the jina from floods and other calamities.

Kamatha Performing the Five Fire Penances (top) and Parsvanatha Rescuing the Snake Dharana (bottom): Folio from a Kalpasutra Manuscript, Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper, India (Gujarat)

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