List of Rulers: Europe

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The list that follows is meant as a complement to the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, not as a comprehensive historical reference. It presents a simplified picture of dynastic succession in a small number of large European principalities. The names of numerous princes who ruled smaller states are not to be found here, nor are the names of many pretenders, regents, and fully legitimate monarchs whose reigns were short or ambitions otherwise stifled. The abridged list includes above all those kings and queens whose rule affected the arts of Europe in important ways and whose names are most commonly raised in art historical discussion.

Central Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, and Switzerland)
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales
France
Holy Roman Empire
Papacy
Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)
Italian Peninsula
Low Countries (Belgium, The Netherlands)
Russia
Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden)

Central Europe
Holy Roman Empire (see below for a list of emperors)	962–1806
Wettin Electors of Saxony	1423–1806
Wittelsbach Electors of Bavaria	1623–1806
Hohenzollern Electors of Brandenburg	1415–1701
Poland
Elected kings	1572–1795
Zygmunt III Wasa (Sigismund III Vasa)	1587–1632
Vladislav IV Wasa (Wladyslaw IV Vasa)	1632–48
Jan II Kasimierz Wasa (John II Casimir Vasa)	1648–68
Michael Wisniowiecki	1669–73
Jan III Sobieski (John III Sobieski)	1674–96
Augustus II, the Strong, 1697–1704(1)	1697–1704, 1709–33	1
Augustus III	1733–63
Stanislaw II Augustus Poniatowski	1764–95
Partitions of Poland	1772, 1793, 1795
Divided under Habsburg, Prussian, and Russian rule	1795–1867
Kingdom of Prussia	1701–1867
Hohenzollerns	1701–1797
Friedrich I (Frederick I)	1701–13
Friedrich Wilhelm I (Frederick William I)	1713–40
Friedrich II, der Grosse (Frederick II, the Great)	1740–86
Friedrich Wilhelm II (Frederick William II)	1786–97
Romania and Moldova
Ottoman rule
Semi–autonomous Ottoman dependencies	1683–1861
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Wessex (centered in southern England)	519–871
Cerdic	519–534
Cynric	534–560
Ceawlin	560–592
Ceol	592–597
Ceolwulf	597–611
Cynegils	611–642
Cenwalh	642–672
Seaxburh	672–674
Aescwine	674–676
Centwine	676–684
Ceadwalla	685–688
Ine	688–726
Aethelheard	726–740
Cuthred	740–756
Cynewulf	757–786
Berhtric	786–802
Egbert	802–839
Aethelwulf	839–858
Aethelbald	858–860
Aethelberht	860–866
Aethelred	866–871
The kings of Wessex, supreme throughout England, become the first royal house of England–see England.
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Kent (centered in southeastern England)	455–827
Hengest	455–488
Aesc	488–512
Octa	512–522
Eormenric	522–560
Aethelbert I	560–616
Eadbald	616–640
Earconbert	640–644
Egbert I	664–673
Hlothere	673–685
Oswine	688–690
Wihtred	690–725
Aethelbert II	725–762
Sigered	762–764
Egbert II	765–784
Eadberht II	796–798
Cuthred	798–807
Baldred	823–825
The kings of Wessex, who have controlled Kent periodically during the eighth and ninth centuries, secure it for good as of 827.
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria (centered in northern England, bordering Scotland)	592–841
Aethelfrith	592–616
Edwin	616–633
St. Oswald	634–642
Oswiu	642–670
Ecgfrith	670–685
Aldfrith	686–705
Osred I	706–716
Cenred	716–718
Osric	718–729
Ceolwulf	729–737
Eadberht	737–758
Aethelwald	759–765
Alhred	765–774
Aethelred I	774–779, 790–796
Aelfwald I	779–788
Eardwulf	796–808
Eanred	809–841
The kings of Wessex control Northumbria after 827, following a period of disorder and decline after Eadberht's demise.
Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Mercia (centered in central and western England, bordering Wales)	626–919
Penda	626–655
Wulfhere	658–675
Aethelred I	675–704
Cenred	704–709
Ceolred	709–716
Aethelbald	716–757
Offa	757–796
Cenwulf	796–821
Ceolwulf	821–823
Beornwulf	823–825
Ludeca	825–827
Wiglaf	827–840
Berhtwulf	840–852
Burgred	852–874
Ceolwulf I	874–879
Aethelred II	879–911
Aethelflaed	911–918
Aelfwyn	918–919
Mercia is annexed by the kings of Wessex.
England
Anglo-Saxons	802–1016
Alfred, the Great	871–99
Edward, the Elder	899–924
Aethelstan	924–39
Edgar	959–75
Aethelred II, the Unready	978–1016
Danes	1016–1042
Canute (Knut), the Great	1016–35
Harold I, called Harold Harefoot	1035–40
Hardecanute	1040–42
Anglo-Saxons	1042–1066
Edward, the Confessor	1042–66
Harold II	1066
Normans	1066–1154
William I, the Conqueror	1066–87
William II, called William Rufus	1087–1100
Henry I	1100–35
Stephen	1135–54
Plantagenets	1154–1399
Henry II	1154–89
Richard I, the Lion–Hearted	1189–99
John I	1199–1216
Henry III	1216–72
Edward I	1272–1307
Edward II	1307–27
Edward III	1327–77
Richard II	1377–99
Lancastrians	1399–1471
Henry IV	1399–1413
Henry V	1413–22
Henry VI	1422–61, 1470–71
Yorkists	1461–1485
Edward IV	1461–83
Edward V	1483
Richard III	1483–85
Tudors	1485–1603
Henry VII	1485–1509
Henry VIII	1509–47
Edward VI	1547–53
Mary I, called Mary Tudor or Bloody Mary	1553–58
Elizabeth I	1558–1603
Stuarts	1603–1714
James I	1603–25
Charles I	1625–49
Charles II	1660–85
James II	1685–88
William III and Mary II	1689–94
William III	1694–1702
Anne	1702–14
Hanoverians	1714–1901
George I	1714–27
George II	1727–60
George III	1760–1820
George IV	1820–30
William IV, the Sailor–King or Silly Billy	1830–37
Victoria(2)	1837–1901	2
Saxe–Coburgs	1901–1910
Edward VII	1901–10
Windsors	1910–present
George V	1910–36
Edward VIII	1936
George VI	1936–52
Elizabeth II	1952–present
France
Kingdom of the Franks	460–814
Childeric I	460–482
Chlodovech (Clovis) I(3)	482–511	3
Chlothar I(3)	511–561
Charibert I	561–584
Chlothar II	584–629
Dagobert I	629–639
St. Sigebert	639–656
Childebert(4)	656–661	4
Childeric II	662–675
Theuderic III	676–690
Chlodovech (Clovis) III	690–694
Childebert III	694–711
Theuderic IV	721–737
Childeric III	743–751
Pippin	754–768
Charles (Charlemagne)	768–814
The Kingdom of the Franks ends when Charlemagne raises it to imperial stature in 800–thereafter, see the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
Duchy of Aquitaine (centered in western France)	898–1204
William I, the Pious	898–918
William II, the Younger	918–926
Ebalus the Bastard	927–934
William III, the Towhead	934–963
William IV, Fierabras (the Strong–Armed)	963–993
William V, the Great	993–1030
William VI, the Fat	1030–38
Eudes (Odo)	1038–39
William VII, the Brave	1039–58
William VIII	1058–86
William IX, the Troubadour	1086–1126
William X, the Toulousan	1126–37
Eleanor	1137–1204
The duchy is united with England upon Eleanor's marriage to Henry II of England.
Duchy of Brittany (centered in western France)	937–1514
House of Nantes	937–990
Alan I, Wrybeard	937–952
Drogo	952–958
Hoël	960–981
Guérech	981–988
Alan II	988–990
House of Rennes	990–1066
Conan I, the Crooked	990–992
Geoffrey I	992–1008
Alan III	1008–40
Conan II	1040–66
House of Cornouaille	1066–1166
Hoël	1066–84
Alan IV, Fergant (the Iron–Gloved)	1084–1112
Conan III, the Fat	1112–48
Eudo of Porho‘t	1148–56
Conan IV, the Younger	1156–66
House of Plantagenet
Geoffrey II	1166–86
House of Dreux	1187–1364
Arthur I (husband of Alix, daughter of Geoffrey II)	1187–1221
John I, the Red	1221–86
John II	1286–1305
Arthur II	1305–12
John III, the Good	1312–41
Charles of Blois	1341–64
House of Montfort	1364–1514
John IV, the Conqueror	1364–99
John V	1399–1442
Francis I	1442–50
Peter II	1450–57
Francis II	1458–88
Anne	1488–1514
The duchy is united with France upon Anne's marriage to Louis XII of France.
Duchy of Burgundy (centered in eastern France)	1162–1477
Hugh III	1162–93
Odo (Eudes) III	1193–1218
Hugh IV	1218–72
Robert II	1272–1309
Odo (Eudes) IV	1315–50
Philip de Rouvres	1350–61
Philip the Bold	1363–1404
John the Fearless	1404–19
Philip the Good	1419–67
Charles the Bold	1467–77
The dynasty ends with a female heir, and the duchy reverts to the French crown.
County of Provence (centered in southeastern France)	1112–1481
House of Barcelona	1112–1245
Raymond Berengar I	1112–31
Berengar Raymond I	1131–44
Raymond Berengar II	1144–66
Alfonso I	1166–73
Raymond Berengar IV	1173–81
Sancho	1181–85
Alfonso II	1185–1209
Raymond Berengar V	1209–45
Capetian House of Anjou	1246–1382
Charles I	1246–85
Charles II, the Lame	1285–1309
Robert the Wise	1309–43
Joan	1343–82
Valois House of Anjou	1382–1481
Louis I	1382–84
Louis II	1384–1417
Louis III	1417–34
René the Good	1434–80
Charles III, of Maine	1480–81
Provence becomes French territory according to the terms of Charles III's will.
County of Toulouse (centered in southwestern France)	844–1271
Fredelon	844–852
Raymond I	852–863
Bernard I	864–872
Bernard II, Hairfoot, of Auvergne	872–885
Eudes (Odo)	885–918
Raymond II	918–923
Raymond Pons	923–942
Raymond III, of Rouergue	942–961
Raymond IV	961–978
William III, Taillefer	978–1037
Pons	1037–60
William IV	1060–93
Raymond V, of St. Gilles	1093–1105
Bertram	1105–12
Alfonso Jordan	1112–48
Raymond VI	1148–94
Raymond VII	1194–1222
Raymond VIII	1222–49
Alfonso of Poitiers	1249–71
The county is united with France upon the death of Joan, daughter of Raymond VIII and wife of Alfonso of Poitiers, son of Louis VIII of France.
France
Capetians	987–1328
Hugues Capet (Hugh Capet)	987–96
Robert II, le Pieux (the Pious)	996–1031
Henri I (Henry I)	1031–60
Philippe I (Philip I)	1059–1108
Louis VI, le Gros (the Fat)	1108–37
Louis VII, le Jeune (the Young)	1137–80
Philippe Auguste (Philippe II)	1179–1223
Louis VIII, le Lion	1223–26
Louis IX (St. Louis)(5)	1226–70	5
Philippe III, le Hardi (Philip III, the Bold)	1270–85
Philippe IV, le Bel (Philip IV, the Fair)	1285–1314
Louis X, le Hutin (the Stubborn)	1314–16
Philippe V, le Long (Philip V, the Tall)	1316–22
Charles IV, le Bel (the Fair)	1322–28
Valois	1328–1589
Philippe VI (Philip VI),	1328–50
Jean II, le Bon (John II, the Good),	1350–64
Charles V, le Sage (the Wise)(13)	1364–80
Charles VI, le Bien–Aimé (the Well–Beloved)	1380–1422
Charles VII	1422–61
Louis XI	1461–83
Charles VIII	1483–98
Louis XII	1498–1515
François I (Francis I)(6)	1515–47	6 7 8 9 10 11
Henri II (Henry II)(7)	1547–59
François II (Francis II)	1559–60
Charles IX	1560–74
Henri III (Henry III)	1574–89
Bourbons	1589–1792
Henri IV (Henry IV, called Henry of Navarre),	1589–1610
Louis XIII	1610–43
Louis XIV, le Roi Soleil (the Sun King)(8)	1643–1715
Louis XV, le Bien–Aimé (the Well–Beloved)	1715–74
Louis XVI	1774–92
First Empire	1804–1814
Napoleon I(9)	1804–14
Bourbons	1814–1830
Louis XVIII	1814–24
Charles X	1824–30
Orléans	1830–1848
Louis–Philippe, le Roi–Citoyen (the Citizen King)(10)	1830–48
Second Empire	1852–1870
Napoleon III, called Louis–Napoléon(11)	1852–70
Holy Roman Empire
Carolingians	800–911
Charlemagne (Charles I, the Great)	800–814
Louis I, le Pieux (the Pious)	814–40
Lothair I (in the Western part of the empire)	840–55
Ludwig II, der Deutsche (Louis II, the German) (in the Eastern part of the empire)	843–76
Ludwig II (Louis II)	855–75
Charles II, le Chauve (the Bald)	875–77
Charles III, le Gros (the Fat)	881–87
Arnulf	887–99
Ludwig III, das Kind (Louis III, the Child)	899–911
Saxons	911–1024
Konrad I (Conrad I)	911–18
Heinrich I, der Vogelfänger (Henry I, the Fowler)	919–36
Otto I, the Great(12)	936–73
Otto II	973–83
Otto III	983–1002
Heinrich II, der Heilige (Henry II, the Saint)	1002–24
Salians	1024–1137
Konrad II (Conrad II)	1024–39
Heinrich III (Henry III)	1039–56
Heinrich IV (Henry IV)	1056–1106
Heinrich V (Henry V)	1106–25
Lothair II	1125–37
Hohenstaufens	1138–1254
Konrad III (Conrad III)	1138–52
Friedrich I (Frederick I), Barbarossa	1152–90
Heinrich VI (Henry VI)	1190–97
Otto IV of Brunswick	1198–1215
Philipp (Philip) of Swabia	1198–1208
Friedrich II (Frederick II)	1212–50
Konrad IV (Conrad IV)	1251–54
Habsburgs
Luxemburgs, and others	1273–1437
Rudolf I (Habsburg)	1273–91
Adolf of Nassau	1292–98
Albrecht I (Albert I) (Habsburg)	1298–1308
Heinrich I (Henry VII) of Luxembourg	1308–13
Ludwig IV der Bayer (Louis IV of Bavaria)	1314–47
Charles IV of Luxembourg	1347–78
Wenceslas of Bohemia	1378–1400
Ruprecht Klem (Rupert) of the Palatinate	1400–1410
Sigismund of Luxembourg	1410–37
Albrecht II (Albert II)	1438–39
Friedrich III (Frederick III)	1440–93
Maximilian I	1493–19
Charles V(13)	1519–56
Ferdinand I	1556–64
Maximilian II(14)	1564–76
Rudolph II(15)	1576–1612
Matthias	1612–19
Ferdinand II	1619–37
Ferdinand III	637–57
Leopold I	1658–1705
Joseph I	1705–11
Charles VI	1711–40
Maria Theresa	1740–80
Joseph II	1765–90
Leopold II	1790–92
Franz II (Francis II)	1792–1806
Papacy (from John VIII, first pope to use the title officially)
John VIII	872–882
Marinus I	882–884
St. Hadrian III	884–885
Stephen VI	885–891
Formosus	891–896
Boniface VI	896
Stephen VII	896–897
John IX	898–900
Benedict IV	900–903
Sergius III	904–911
Anastasius III	911–913
John X	914–928
Stephen VIII	929–931
John XI	931–935
Leo VII	936–939
Stephen IX	939–942
Marinus II	942–946
Agapitus II	946–955
John XII	955–964
Leo VIII	963–965
John XIII	965–972
Benedict VI	973–974
Benedict VII	974–983
John XIV	983–984
Boniface VII	984–985
John XV	985–996
Gregory V	996–999
Sylvester II	999–1003
John XVII	1003
John XVIII	1004–9
Sergius IV	1009–12
Benedict VIII	1012–24
John XIX	1024–32
Benedict IX	1032–44
Sylvester III	1045
Gregory VI	1045–46
Clement II	1046–47
Damasus II	1048–49
St. Leo IX	1049–54
Victor II	1055–57
Stephen X	1057–58
Nicholas II	1059–61
Alexander II	1061–73
St. Gregory VII	1073–85
Bd. Victor III	1086–87
Bd. Urban II	1088–99
Paschal I	1099–1118
Gelasius II	1118–19
Calixtus II	1119–24
Honorius II	1124–30
Innocent II	1130–43
Celestine II	1143–44
Lucius II	1144–45
Bd. Eugenius III	1145–53
Anastasius IV	1153–54
Hadrian IV	1154–59
Alexander III	1159–81
Lucius III	1181–85
Urban III	1185–87
Gregory VIII	1187
Clement III	1187–91
Celestine III	1191–98
Innocent III	1198–1216
Honorius III	1216–27
Gregory IX	1227–41
Celestine IV	1241
Innocent IV	1243–54
Alexander IV	1254–61
Urban IV	1261–64
Clement IV	1265–68
Gregory X	1271–76
Innocent V	1276
Hadrian V	1276
John XXI	1276–77
Nicholas III	1277–80
Martin IV	1281–85
Honorius IV	1285–87
Nicholas IV	1288–92
St. Celestine V	1294
Boniface VIII	1294–1303
Bd. Benedict XI	1303–4
Clement V	1305–14
John XXII (ruled from Avignon)	1316–34
Benedict XII (ruled from Avignon)	1334–42
Clement VI (ruled from Avignon)	1342–52
Innocent VI (ruled from Avignon)	1352–62
Urban V (ruled from Avignon)	1362–70
Gregory XI, Pierre–Roger de Beaufort	1370–78
Urban VI, Bartolomeo Prignano	1378–89
Boniface IX, Pietro Tomacelli	1389–1404
Innocent VII, Cosimo de' Migliorati	1404–6
Gregory XII, Angelo Correr	1406–15
Martin V, Oddo Colonna	1417–31
Eugenius IV, Gabriele Condulmero	1431–47
Nicholas V, Tommaso Parentucelli	1447–55
Calixtus III, Alfonso de Borgia	1455–58
Pius II, Enea Silvio Piccolomini	1458–64
Paul II, Pietro Barbo	1464–71
Sixtus IV, Francesco della Rovere	1471–84
Innocent VIII, Giovanni Battista Cibò	1484–92
Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia	1492–1503
Pius III, Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini	1503
Julius II, Giuliano della Rovere	1503–13
Leo X, Giovanni de' Medici	1513–21
Adrian VI, Adrian Florensz Boeyens	1522–23
Clement VII, Giulio de' Medici	1523–34
Paul III, Alessandro Farnese	1534–49
Julius III, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte	1550–55
Marcellus II, Marcello Cervini	1555
Paul IV, Gian Pietro Carafa	1555–59
Pius IV, Giovanni Angelo de' Medici	1559–65
St. Pius V, Antonio Ghislieri	1566–72
Gregory XIII, Ugo Buoncompagni	1572–85
Sixtus V, Felice Peretti	1585–90
Urban VII, Giambattista Castagna	1590
Gregory XIV, Niccolò Sfondrato	1590–91
Innocent IX, Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti	1591
Clement VIII, Ippolito Aldobrandini	1592–1605
Leo XI, Alessandro de' Medici	1605
Paul V, Camillo Borghese	1605–21
Gregory XV, Alessandro Ludovisi	1621–23
Urban VIII, Maffeo Barberini	1623–44
Innocent X, Giovanni Battista Pamphilj(16)	1644–55
Alexander VII, Fabio Chigi(17)	1655–67
Clement IX, Giulio Rospigliosi	1667–69
Clement X, Emilio Altieri	1670–76
Innocent XI, Benedetto Odescalchi	1676–89
Alexander VIII, Pietro Ottoboni	1689–91
Innocent XII, Antonio Pignatelli	1691–1700
Clement XI, Giovanni Francesco Albani	1700–1721
Innocent XIII, Michelangelo Conti	1721–24
Benedict XIII, Pierfrancesco Orsini	1724–30
Clement XII, Lorenzo Corsini	1730–40
Benedict XIV, Prospero Lambertini	1740–58
Clement XIII, Carlo Rezzonico	1758–69
Clement XIV, Giovanni Ganganelli	1769–74
Pius VI, Giovanni Angelo Braschi	1775–99
Pius VII, Barnaba Gregorio Chiaramonti	1800–1823
Leo XII, Annibale della Genga	1823–29
Pius VIII, Francesco Saverio Castiglioni	1829–30
Gregory XVI, Bartolomeo Cappellari	1831–46
Pius IX, Giovanni Mastai–Ferretti	1846–78
Leo XIII, Gioacchino Pecci	1878–1903
St. Pius X, Giuseppe Sarto	1903–14
Benedict XV, Giacomo della Chiesa	1914–22
Pius XI, Achille Ratti	1922–39
Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli	1939–58
John XXIII, Angelo Roncalli	1958–63
Paul VI, Giovanni Battista Montini	1963–78
John Paul I, Albino Luciani	1978
John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla	1978–2005
Benedict XVI, Joseph Ratzinger	2005–present
Iberian Peninsula
Visigothic Kingdom	391–720
Alaric I	391–410
Athaulf	410–415
Wallia	415–418
Theodoric	418–451
Thorismund	451–453
Euric	466–484
Alaric II	484–507
Gesalic	507–511
Amalaric	511–531
Theudis	531–548
Achila I	548–555
Athanagild	555–567
Liuva I	567–572
Leovigild	568–586 (sole king after 572)
Reccared I	586–601
Sisebut	612–621
Svinthala	621–631
Sisenand	631–636
Chindaswinth	642–653
Recceswinth	653–672
Wamba	672–680
Erwig	680–687
Egica	687–702
Wittiza	702–710
Roderic	710–711
Achila II	711–714
Ardo	714–720
Muslim conquest brings kingdom to an end.
Kingdom of Aragon (northeastern Spain)	1035–1516
Ramiro I	1035–63
Sancho I Ramírez	1063–94
Pedro I (Peter I)	1094–1104
Alfonso I, el Batallador (the Battler)	1104–34
Ramiro II, el Monje (the Monk)	1134–37
Petronila	1137–74
Alfonso II, el Casto (the Chaste)	1164–96
Pedro II (Peter II)	1196–1213
Jaime I, el Conquistador (James I, the Conqueror)	1214–76
Pedro III, el Grande (Peter III, the Great)	1276–85
Alfonso III, el Liberal (the Generous)	1285–91
Jaime II (James II)	1291–1327
Alfonso IV, el Benigno (the Benign)	1327–36
Pedro IV, el Ceremonioso (Peter IV, the Ceremonious)	1336–87
Juan I (John I)	1387–95
Martin I	1395–1410
Interregnum	1410–12
Fernando I (Ferdinand I)	1410–16
Alfonso V, el Magnánimo (the Magnanimous)	1416–58
Juan II (John II)	1458–79
Fernando II, el Católico (Ferdinand II, the Catholic)	1479–1516
See Spain.
Kingdom of Castile (central Spain)	1029–1555
Sancho I, el Mayor (the Great)	1029–35
Fernando I, el Magno (Ferdinand I, the Great)	1035–65
Sancho II	1065–72
Alfonso VI, el Bravo (the Valiant)	1072–1109
Urraca	1109–26
Alfonso VII	1126–57
Sancho III	1157–58
Alfonso VIII	1158–1214
Enrique I (Henry I)	1214–17
Fernando III, el Santo (Ferdinand III, the Saint)	1217–52
Alfonso X, el Sabio (the Learned)	1252–84
Sancho IV	1284–95
Fernando IV, el Emplazado (Ferdinand IV, the Summoned)	1295–1312
Alfonso XI	1312–50
Pedro, el Cruel (Peter, the Cruel)	1350–69
Enrique II (Henry II)	1369–79
Juan I (John I)	1379–90
Enrique III, el Doliente (Henry III, the Sufferer)	1390–1406
Juan II (John II)	1406–54
Enrique IV (Henry IV)	1454–74
Isabel I, la Católica (Isabella I, the Catholic)	1474–1504
Juana I, la Loca (Joan/Joanna I, the Mad)	1504–55
See Spain.
Spain
Habsburgs
Carlos I (= Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire)	1516–56
Felipe II (Philip II)	1556–98
Felipe III (Philip III)	1598–1621
Felipe IV (Philip IV)(18)	1621–65
Carlos II (Charles II)	1665–1700
Bourbons (Borbóns)	1700–1808
Felipe V (Philip V)	1700–1724 (abdicated)
Luis I (Louis I)	1724
Felipe V (Philip V)	1724–46 (reinstated)
Fernando VI (Ferdinand VI)	1746–59
Carlos III (Charles III)	1759–88
Carlos IV (Charles IV)	1788–1808
Napoleonic Rule	1808–1814
Joseph Bonaparte	1808–14
Bourbons (Borbóns)	1808–present
Fernando VII (Ferdinand VII)	1808, 1814–33
Isabel II (Isabella II)	1833–68
Amadeo I, of Savoy	1870–73
Alfonso XII	1874–85
Alfonso XIII	1886–1931
Juan Carlos	1975–present
Italian Peninsula
Langobardic Kingdom (centered in northern Italy)	569–774
Alboin	569–572
Cleph	572–574
Authari (first husband of Theodelinda)	584–590
Agilulf (second husband of Theodelinda)	590–615
Adalwald	616–626
Ariwald	626–636
Rothari	636–652
Aripert I	653–661
Grimwald	662–671
Perctarit	671–688
Cunipert	688–700
Aripert II	701–712
Liutprand	712–744
Ratchis	744–749, 756–757
Aistulf	749–756
Desiderius	757–774
Invasion of the Franks brings kingdom to an end.
Doges of Venice
Orso Ipato	726–737
Teodato Ipato	742–755
Domenico Monegario	756–764
Maurizio Galbaio	764–787
Giovanni Galbaio	787–803
Obelerio degli Antenori	803–810
Agnello Particiaco	810–827
Giustiniano Particiaco	827–829
Giovanni Particiaco I	829–836
Pietro Tradonico	836–864
Orso Particiaco I	864–881
Giovanni Particiaco II	881–887
Pietro Candiano I	887
Pietro Tribuno	888–911
Orso Particiaco II	911–932
Pietro Candiano II	932–939
Pietro Particiaco	939–942
Pietro Candiano III	942–959
Pietro Candiano IV	959–976
Pietro Orseolo I	976–978
Tribuno Memmo	979–991
Pietro Orseolo II	991–1009
Otto Orseolo	1009–26
Pietro Centranico	1026–30
Domenico Flabinico	1031–41
Domenico Contarini I	1041–71
Domenico Silvo	1071–84
Vitale Falier	1084–95
Vitale Michiel I	1095–1110
Ordelafo Falier	1101–18
Domenico Michiel	1118–30
Pietro Polani	1130–48
Domenico Morosini	1148–55
Vitale Michiel II	1155–72
Sebastiano Ziani	1172–78
Orio Mastropiero	1178–92
Enrico Dandolo	1192–1205
Pietro Ziani	1205–29
Jacopo Tiepolo	1229–49
Marin Morosini	1249–53
Renier Zeno	1253–68
Lorenzo Tiepolo	1268–75
Jacopo Contarini	1275–80
Giovanni Dandolo	1280–89
Pietro Gradenigo	1289–1311
Giovanni Soranzo	1312–28
Francesco Dandolo	1329–39
Bartolomeo Gradenigo	1339–42
Andrea Dandolo	1343–54
Marino Falier	1354–55
Giovanni Gradenigo	1355–56
Giovanni Dolfin	1356–61
Lorenzo Celsi	1361–65
Marco Cornaro	1365–68
Andrea Contarini	1368–82
Antonio Venier	1382–1400
Michele Steno	1400–13
Tommaso Mocenigo	1414–23
Francesco Foscari	1423–57
Pasquale Malipiero	1457–62
Cristoforo Moro	1462–71
Niccolò Tron	1471–73
Niccolò Marcello	1473–74
Pietro Mocenigo	1474–76
Andrea Vendramin	1476–78
Giovanni Mocenigo	1478–85
Marco Barbarigo	1485–86
Agostino Barbarigo	1486–1501
Leonardo Loredan	1501–21
Antonio Grimani	1521–23
Andrea Gritti	1523–38
Pietro Lando	1539–45
Francesco Donato	1545–53
Marcantonio Trevisan	1553–54
Francesco Venier	1554–56
Lorenzo Priuli	1556–59
Girolamo Priuli	1559–67
Pietro Loredan	1567–70
Alvise Mocenigo I	1570–77
Niccolò da Ponte	1578–85
Pasquale Cigogna	1585–95
Marino Grimani	1595–1605
Leonardo Donato	1605–12
Marcantonio Memmo	1612–15
Giovanni Bembo	1615–18
Antonio Priuli	1618–23
Francesco Contarini	1623–24
Giovanni Cornaro I	1625–29
Niccolò Contarini	1630–31
Francesco Erizzo	1631–46
Francesco Molin	1646–55
Carlo Contarini	1655–56
Bertuccio Valier	1656–58
Giovanni Pesaro	1658–59
Domenico Contarini II	1659–75
Niccolò Sagredo	1675–76
Marcantonio Giustiniani	1684–88
Francesco Morosini	1688–94
Silvestro Valier	1694–1700
Alvise Mocenigo II	1700–1709
Giovanni Cornaro II	1709–22
Alvise Mocenigo III	1722–32
Carlo Ruzzini	1732–35
Alvise Pisani	1733–41
Pietro Grimani	1741–52
Francesco Loredan	1752–62
Marco Foscarini	1762–63
Alvise Mocenigo IV	1763–78
Paolo Renier	1779–89
Ludovico Monin	1789–97
The Venetian Republic and the office of Doge comes to an end with the French invasion of 1797.
Low Countries
Duchy of Brabant	1106–1430
House of Louvain	1106–1355
Godfrey I, the Bearded	1106–28
Walram II, of Limbourg	1128–39
Godfrey II	1139–42
Godfrey III	1142–90
Henry I	1190–1235
Henry II	1235–48
Henry III	1248–61
Henry IV	1261–67
John I, the Victorious	1267–94
John II	1294–1312
John III	1312–55
House of Luxemburg	1355–1406
Wenceslas	1355–83
Johanna (daughter of John III and wife of Wenceslas)	1383–1406
House of Burgundy	1406–1430
Anthony	1406–15
John IV	1415–27
Philip of St. Pol	1427–30
The duchy is united with Burgundy as of Philip's reign.
Russia
Muscovite Princes	1462–1598
Ivan III, the Great	1462–1505
Vasily III (Basil III)	1505–33
Ivan IV, the Terrible	1533–84
Fyodor I Ivanovich (Theodore I Ivanovich)	1584–98
Romanoff Czars	1613–1917
Michael (Mikhail) Romanoff	1613–45
Alexis (Alexei) I	1645–76
Peter (Pyotr) I, the Great	1682–1725
Catherine (Yekaterina) I	1725–27
Peter (Pyotr) II	1727–30
Anna Ivanovna	1730–40
Elizabeth (Yelisaveta) Petrovna	1741–62
Catherine (Yekaterina) II, the Great(19)	1762–96
Paul (Pavel)	1796–1801
Alexander (Aleksandr) I	1801–25
Nicholas (Nikolai) I(20)	1825–55
Alexander (Aleksandr) II	1855–81
Alexander (Aleksandr) III	1881–94
Nicholas (Nikolai) II	1894–1917
Scandinavia
Kingdom of Denmark (centered in the Danish peninsula)	940–1396
House of Jutland	940–1046
Harald I Bluetooth	940–986
Svend I Forkbeard	986–1014
Harald II	1014–18
Knud I, the Great	1019–35
Hardeknud	1035–42
Magnus the Good	1042–46
House of Svend Estridsen	1046–1375
Svend II Estridsen	1046–74
Harald III	1074–80
St. Knud	1080–86
Oluf I	1086–95
Erik I, the Evergood	1095–1103
Niels	1104–34
Erik II, the Memorable	1134–37
Erik III, the Lamb	1137–46
Knud III	1146–57
Valdemar I, the Great	1157–82
Knud IV	1182–1202
Valdemar II, the Victorious	1202–41
Erik IV Ploughpenny	1241–50
Christopher I	1252–59
Erik V	1259–86
Erik VI	1286–1319
Christopher II	1320–26, 1330–32
Valdemar III	1326–30
Valdemar IV	1340–75
House of Norway	1376–1396
Oluf II	1376–87
Margaret I	1387–96
Kalmar Union (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden)	1397–1523
House of Pomerania
Erik VII	1396–1439
House of the Palatinate
Christopher III of Bavaria	1440–48
House of Oldenburg	1448–1523
Christian I	1448–81
John	1483–1513
Christian II	1513–23
Kingdom of Denmark and Norway	1521–1914
House of Oldenburg
Frederick I	1523–33
Christian III	1533–59
Frederick II	1559–88
Christian IV	1588–1648
Frederick III	1648–70
Christian V	1670–99
Frederick IV	1699–1730
Christian VI	1730–46
Frederick V	1746–66
Christian VII	1766–1808
Regency of Johann Friedrich Struense	1770–72
Kingdom of Sweden (centered in Baltic Scandinavia)	980–1388
House of Yngling	980–1060
Erik the Victorious	980–995
Olof Sköttkonung	995–1022
Anund	1022–50
Emund the Old	1050–60
House of Stenkil	1060–1130
Stenkil Ragnvaldsson	1060–66
Haaken the Red	ca. 1066–79
Blot–Sven	1080–83
Inge I	1083–1110
Philip	1110–18
Inge II	1118–30
Houses of Sverker and Erik	1130–1234
Sverker I, the Elder	1130–56
St. Erik Jedvardsson	1156–60
Charles Sverkersson	1161–67
Kol Jonsson	1167–73
Knut Eriksson	1173–96
Sverker II	1196–1208
Erik Knutsson	1208–16
John I	1216–22
Erik Eriksson	1222–29, 1234–50
Knut the Tall	1229–34
House of Folkung	1250–1388
Valdemar	1250–75
Magnus I	1275–90
Birger	1290–1318
Magnus II	1319–64
Albert	1364–88
The Swedes invite Margaret of Denmark to reign over them, and the two kingdoms are joined in the Kalmar Union from 1397 to 1523.
House of Vasa	1523–1654
Gustav I	1523–60
Erik XIV	1560–68
John III	1568–92
Sigismund III	1592–99
Karl IX (Charles IX)	1599–1611
Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus)	1611–32
Christina	1632–54
regency of Axel Oxenstierna	1632–44
House of Palatinate–Zweibrücken	1654–1720
Karl X Gustav (Charles X Gustav)	1654–60
Karl XI	1660–97
Karl XII	1697–1718
Ulrika Eleonora	1718–20
House of Hesse
Frederik I (Frederick I)	1720–51
House of Holstein–Gottorp	1751–1818
Adolf Frederik (Adolphus Frederick)	1751–71
Gustav III	1771–92
Gustav IV Adolf	1792–1809
Karl XIII (Charles III)	1809–18