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The Art of the Seljuq Period in Anatolia (1081–1307)

• 
  Tile panel with sphinx, Seljuqs of Rum period (1081–1307), late 12th–early 13th century
  Turkey, probably Konya
  Stonepaste; overglaze-painted and gilded; Gr. Diam. 9 3/16 in. (23.3 cm)
  Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Jack A. Josephson, 1976 (1976.245)
  

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Following their conquest of Baghdad in 1055, the Seljuq dynasty, descendants of the Central Asian Turkic Oghuz tribe, soon established hegemony over most of West Asia, including present-day Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Raids on the Byzantine frontier eventually led to the Battle of Manzikert (modern Malazgirt in eastern Turkey) in 1071 and the resulting Seljuq victory opened Anatolia to Turkic settlement. A branch of the Seljuqs assumed rule from Nicaea (Iznik) in northwestern Anatolia (1078–81) and became known as the Seljuqs of Rum ("Rome"), referring to the Roman Byzantine past of the Seljuq territories. Notwithstanding the advance of Crusader armies, battles against the Byzantines, and conflicts with neighboring rival Turkic principalities, the Seljuqs were able to establish uncontested authority following the Latin conquest of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade (1204). The first half of the thirteenth century corresponds to the zenith of Seljuq power in Anatolia until they were defeated by the Ilkhanids, the Mongol dynasty ruling in Iran, at the Battle of Köse Dagh (1243), after which the Seljuqs became Mongol vassals. Especially during the reign of ^cAla’ al-Din Kay-Qubadh (r. 1220–37), the Seljuq realm witnessed tremendous commercial, artistic, and cultural activity, the heart of which was the new Seljuq capital, Konya.

The exchange and synthesis of these different traditions is vividly reflected in Seljuq architecture and art.

Related

Cited Works of Art or Images (3)

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Timelines (4)

• Anatolia and the Caucasus, 1000–1400 a.d.
• Anatolia and the Caucasus, 1400–1600 a.d.
• Iran, 1000–1400 a.d.
• The Eastern Mediterranean, 1000–1400 a.d.

Primary Thematic Essays (3)

• Byzantium (ca. 330–1453)
• The Art of the Ilkhanid Period (1256–1353)
• The Art of the Seljuqs of Iran (ca. 1040–1157)

Other Thematic Essays (11)

• Calligraphy in Islamic Art
• Figural Representation in Islamic Art
• Geometric Patterns in Islamic Art
• List of Rulers of the Islamic World
• The Art of the Ottomans before 1600
• The Birth of Islam
• The Crusades (1095–1291)
• The Metropolitan Museum's Excavations at Nishapur
• The Nature of Islamic Art
• Turkmen Jewelry
• Vegetal Patterns in Islamic Art

Maps (1)

• World, 1000-1400 A.D.

Index Terms (9)

Art Movement/Style

• Byzantine Art from West Asia
• Byzantine Period in the Early Islamic Period
• Ilkhanid Art in the Islamic Medieval Period
• Seljuq Art in the Islamic Medieval Period

Geography/Place

• Islamic World
• Anatolia and the Caucasus

Material and Technique

• Glazed Ceramic from West Asia
• Ceramic from West Asia

Subject Matter/Theme

• Islam

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Apart from an earlier brief period of Arab rule in the east, Anatolia was new to Islam, and the Seljuqs were thus among the first to cultivate Islamic art and architecture in these lands. As heirs to the Great Seljuqs of Iran, the sultans of Rum adopted Perso-Islamic traditions and, for the most part, maintained established designs, materials, and techniques in their congregational mosques, madrasas (theological schools), mausolea, caravanserais, and palaces. The ^cAla’ al-Din Mosque (1156–1220), the Karatay (1252) and Ince Minareli (1258) madrasas in Konya, the Sifahiye (1217–18) and Gök madrasas (1271) in Sivas, the Great Mosque and Hospital in Divrigi (1228–29), the Khuand Khatun complex in Kayseri (1237–38), and the Cifte Minareli Madrasa in Erzurum (1253) are among the important surviving examples of monumental Anatolian Seljuq architecture. In the arts, continued use of luster- and overglaze-painted tiles, as well as creations in wood and metal, are especially noteworthy.



Along with Perso-Islamic traditions, however, Anatolia had a strong Byzantine and Armenian Christian heritage, which now intermingled with Central Asian Turkic nomadic, northern Mesopotamian, and Crusader cultures. The exchange and synthesis of these different traditions is vividly reflected in Seljuq architecture and art. For instance, Gök Madrasa features carved stone, typical of Armenian architecture, alongside brick, a common material in Iran and Central Asia.

Suzan Yalman Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Citation Yalman, Suzan. "The Art of the Seljuq Period in Anatolia (1081–1307)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aselj/hd_aselj.htm (October 2001) Further Reading Ölçer, Nazan "The Seljuks and Artuqids of Medieval Anatolia." In Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600, edited by David J. Roxburgh, pp. 102–45.. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005. Hillenbrand, Robert, ed. The Art of the Saljuqs in Iran and Anatolia: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Edinburgh in 1982. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publishers, 1994. Suggested Online Resources Middle East Technical University: Monuments of Kayseri Middle East Technical University: Monuments of Konya Middle East Technical University: Monuments of Sivas Related exhibitions and online features Special Exhibitions (including upcoming, current, and past exhibitions)

These related Museum Bulletin or Journal articles may or may not represent the most current scholarship. Jenkins, Marilyn "Islamic Pottery: A Brief History." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 40, no. 4 (Spring, 1983). JSTOR | PDF | Supplemental PDFs "Director’s Note" PDF "Introduction" PDF Ettinghausen, Richard "Islamic Art." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 33, no. 1 (Spring, 1975). JSTOR | PDF | Supplemental PDFs "Director’s Note" PDF Ettinghausen, Richard "The Flowering of Seljuq Art." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 3 (1970). JSTOR | PDF Dimand, Maurice Sven "Saljuk Bronzes From Khurasan." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 4, no. 3 (November, 1945). JSTOR | PDF