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The Crusades (1095–1291)

• 
  Keystone from a Vaulted Ceiling, ca. 1220–1230
  Crusader; From Castle Montfort/Starkenberg
  Limestone

  19 1/4 x 26 1/2 in. (48.9 x 67.3 cm)
  Gift of Clarence H. Mackay, Archer M. Huntington, Stephen H. P. Pell and Bashford Dean, 1928 (28.99.1)

• 
  Stained-Glass Panel, ca. 1245–1248
  France, Tours, Ambulatory of the Cathedral of Saint-Gatien
  Pot-metal glass and vitreous paint

  21 x 13 1/2 in. (53.3 x 34.3 cm)
  The Cloisters Collection, 1937 (37.173.3)

• 
  Armorial Gemellion, third quarter of 13th century
  Limoges, France
  Copper, engraved and gilded, champlevé enamel

  Diam. 9 1/16 in. (23 cm)
  Rogers Fund, 1949 (49.56.8)

• 
  Tomb Effigy of Jean d'Alluye, mid-13th century
  French; Made in Loire Valley
  Limestone

  83 1/2 x 34 1/4 in. (212.1 x 87 cm)
  The Cloisters Collection, 1925 (25.120.201)

• 
  Aquamanile in the Form of a Knight on Horseback, mid-13th century
  German (Lower Saxony, probably Hildesheim)
  Copper alloy

  14 11/16 x 5 5/8 x 12 7/8 in. (37.3 x 14.3 x 32.7 cm)
  Gift of Irwin Untermyer, 1964 (64.101.1492)

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The First Crusade
In November 1095, Pope Urban II preached a sermon at Clermont-Ferrand in France to launch the First Crusade. The aim was to aid the Christians of the East and return to Christian control the Holy Sepulcher, the church in Jerusalem said to contain the tomb of Christ. Absolution from sin and eternal glory were promised to the Crusaders, who also hoped to gain land and wealth in the East. Nobles and peasants responded in great number to the call and marched across Europe to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine empire. With the support of the Byzantine emperor, the knights, guided by Armenian Christians, tenuously marched through Seljuq-controlled territories in modern Turkey and Syria to Jerusalem. In June 1099, the Crusaders began a five-week siege of Jerusalem, which fell in July 1099. The Crusaders then took over many of the cities on the Mediterranean coast and built a large number of fortified castles all over the Holy Land to protect their new territories.

The Crusaders then took over many of the cities on the Mediterranean coast and built a large number of fortified castles all over the Holy Land to protect their new territories.

Related

Cited Works of Art or Images (2)

• 
• 

Timelines (10)

• Anatolia and the Caucasus, 1000–1400 A.D.
• Arabian Peninsula, 1000–1400 A.D.
• Balkan Peninsula, 1000–1400 A.D.
• Central Europe (including Germany), 1000–1400 A.D.
• Egypt, 1000–1400 A.D.
• France, 1000–1400 A.D.
• Iberian Peninsula, 1000–1400 A.D.
• Italian Peninsula, 1000–1400 A.D.
• The Eastern Mediterranean, 1000–1400 A.D.
• Western North Africa (the Mahgrib), 1000–1400 A.D.

Primary Thematic Essays (6)

• Art and Death in the Middle Ages
• Fashion in European Armor
• Feudalism and Knights in Medieval Europe
• Monasticism in Medieval Christianity
• Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe
• The Religious Relationship between Byzantium and the West

Other Thematic Essays (24)

• The Age of Saint Louis (1226–1270 a.d.)
• Arms and Armor—Common Misconceptions and Frequently Asked Questions
• The Art of the Almoravid and Almohad Periods (ca. 1062–1269)
• The Art of the Ayyubid Period (ca. 1171–1260)
• The Art of the Nasrid Period (1232–1492)
• The Art of the Seljuq Period in Anatolia (1081–1307)
• Birth of Islam
• Byzantine Art under Islam
• The Byzantine City of Amorium
• The Byzantine State under Justinian I (Justinian the Great)
• Byzantium (ca. 330–1453)
• Classical Antiquity in the Middle Ages
• Commercial Exchange, Diplomacy, and Religious Difference between Venice and the Islamic world
• Constantinople after 1261
• The Damascus Room
• Icons and Iconoclasm in Byzantium
• Italian Painting of the Later Middle Ages
• Jews and the Arts in Medieval Europe
• List of Rulers of Byzantium
• List of Rulers of Europe
• Medieval Aquamanilia
• Ottonian Art
• Patronage of Jean de Berry (1340–1416)
• Venice's Principal Muslim Trading Partners: the Mamluks, the Ottomans, and the Safavids

Maps (3)

• Europe, 1000–1400 a.d.
• West Asia, 1000–1400 a.d.
• World, 1000–1400 a.d.

Index Terms (8)

Geography/Place

• Byzantium
• Byzantium
• European Medieval Art
• The Eastern Mediterranean

Object

• Regalia

Subject Matter/Theme

• Christian Architecture
• Christian Sculpture in the Round
• Christian Vessel

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Second and Third Crusade
In 1147–49, the Second Crusade, championed by the abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, attempted to take Damascus in Syria. The campaign was a dismal failure because the Muslims had regrouped. Led by Salah al-Din (Saladin), Muslim forces advanced across Syria and finally retook Jerusalem in October 1187. By the end of the Third Crusade (1189–92), however, Crusader forces had gained Cyprus and the city of Acre. With each crusade, relations between the Byzantines and the Western forces became more estranged.

The Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade set out in 1202 with Egypt as its goal. After choosing sides in a dynastic dispute in Byzantium, however, the Crusaders turned their seige upon Byzantium's capital, Constantinople, to collect an enormous sum of money that had been promised for their earlier support. The city was sacked in 1204, its rich treasures divided between the Venetians, the French, and other Crusaders. The Latin Empire of Constantinople was established with Baldwin of Flanders as emperor. In 1261, the Byzantines regained the city.

Successive crusades were launched to the Holy Land. The Seventh and Eighth Crusades, in 1248 and 1270, were sponsored by Louis IX, who died in Tunisia (37.173.3). In 1291, the Crusader city of Acre fell, and the era of Latin Crusader kingdoms ended. Calls for new crusades over the next centuries were increasingly ignored.

Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Citation Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters. "The Crusades (1095–1291)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm (October 2001) Further Reading Goss, Vladimir P., ed. The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1986. Hillenbrandt, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999. Rozenberg, Silvia, ed. Knights of the Holy Land: The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Exhibition catalogue. Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1999. Related exhibitions and online features Special Exhibitions (including upcoming, current, and past exhibitions) Choirs of Angels: Painting in Italian Choir Books, 1300–1500 Pen and Parchment: Drawing in the Middle Ages Reopening of the Mary and Michael Jaharis Galleries for Byzantine Art and the Medieval Europe Gallery

These related Museum Bulletin or Journal articles may or may not represent the most current scholarship. Nickel, Helmut. "A Crusader's Sword: Concerning the Effigy of Jean d'Alluye." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991). JSTOR | PDF Nickel, Helmut. "Some Heraldic Fragments Found at Castle Montfort/Starkenberg in 1926, and the Arms of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 24 (1989). JSTOR | PDF Papanicolaou, Linda Morey. "Stained Glass from the Cathedral of Tours: The Impact of the Sainte-Chapelle in the 1240s." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 15 (1980). JSTOR | PDF Nickel, Helmut. "Arms and Armor." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 32, no. 4 (1974) JSTOR | PDFs "The Art of Chivalry" PDF "Battle Armor" PDF "The Crusades" PDF "Director's Note" PDF "Gentlemen's Jewelry" PDF "Orders of Chivalry" PDF "The Tournament" PDF