List of Rulers of Europe

Central Europe

Holy Roman Empire (see below for a list of emperors)

962–1806

Wettin Electors of Saxony

1423–1806

Wittelsbach Electors of Bavaria

1623–1806

Hohenzollern Electors of Brandenburg

1415–1701

Poland

elected kings

1572–1795

Zygmunt III Wasa (Sigismund III Vasa)

1587–1632

Vladislav IV Wasa (Wladyslaw IV Vasa)

1632–1648

Jan II Kasimierz Wasa (John II Casimir Vasa)

1648–1668

Michael Wisniowiecki

1669–1673

Jan III Sobieski (John III Sobieski)

1674–1696

Augustus II, the Strong (1982.60.318)

1697–1704, 1709–1733

Augustus III

1733–1763

Stanislaw II Augustus Poniatowski

1764–1795

partitions of Poland

1772, 1793, 1795

divided under Habsburg, Prussian, and Russian rule

1795–1867

Kingdom of Prussia

1701–1867

Hohenzollerns

1701–1797

Friedrich I (Frederick I)

1701–1713

Friedrich Wilhelm I (Frederick William I)

1713–1740

Friedrich II, der Grosse (Frederick II, the Great)

1740–1786

Friedrich Wilhelm II (Frederick William II)

1786–1797

Romania and Moldova

Ottoman rule

semi-autonomous Ottoman dependencies

1683–1861

England

Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Wessex (centered in southern England)

519–871

Cerdic

519–534

Cynric

534–560

Ceawlin

560–592

Ceol

592–597

Ceolwulf

597–611

Cynegils

611–642

Cenwalh

642–672

Seaxburh

672–674

Aescwine

674–676

Centwine

676–684

Ceadwalla

685–688

Ine

688–726

Aethelheard

726–740

Cuthred

740–756

Cynewulf

757–786

Berhtric

786–802

Egbert

802–839

Aethelwulf

839–858

Aethelbald

858–860

Aethelberht

860–866

Aethelred

866–871

The kings of Wessex, supreme throughout England, become the first royal house of England: see England.

Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Kent (centered in southeastern England)

455–827

Hengest

455–488

Aesc

488–512

Octa

512–522

Eormenric

522–560

Aethelbert I

560–616

Eadbald

616–640

Earconbert

640–644

Egbert I

664–673

Hlothere

673–685

Oswine

688–690

Wihtred

690–725

Aethelbert II

725–762

Sigered

762–764

Egbert II

765–784

Eadberht II

796–798

Cuthred

798–807

Baldred

823–825

The kings of Wessex, who have controlled Kent periodically during the eight and ninth centuries, secure it for good as of 827.

Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria (centered in northern England, bordering Scotland)

592–841

Aethelfrith

592–616

Edwin

616–633

St. Oswald

634–642

Oswiu

642–670

Ecgfrith

670–685

Aldfrith

686–705

Osred I

706–716

Cenred

716–718

Osric

718–729

Ceolwulf

729–737

Eadberht

737–758

Aethelwald

759–765

Alhred

765–774

Aethelred I

774–779, 790–796

Aelfwald I

779–788

Eardwulf

796–808

Eanred

809–841

The kings of Wessex control Northumbria after 827, following a period of disorder and decline after Eadberht's demise.

Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Mercia (centered in central and western England, bordering Wales)

626–919

Penda

626–655

Wulfhere

658–675

Aethelred I

675–704

Cenred

704–709

Ceolred

709–716

Aethelbald

716–757

Offa

757–796

Cenwulf

796–821

Ceolwulf

821–823

Beornwulf

823–825

Ludeca

825–827

Wiglaf

827–840

Berhtwulf

840–852

Burgred

852–874

Ceolwulf I

874–879

Aethelred II

879–911

Aethelflaed

911–918

Aelfwyn

918–919

Mercia is annexed by the kings of Wessex.

England

Anglo-Saxons

802–1016

Alfred, the Great

871–899

Edward, the Elder

899–924

Aethelstan

924–939

Edgar

959–975

Aethelred II, the Unready

978–1016

Danes

1016–1042

Canute (Knut), the Great

1016–1035

Harold I, called Harold Harefoot

1035–1040

Hardecanute

1040–1042

Anglo-Saxons

1042–1066

Edward, the Confessor

1042–1066

Harold II

1066

Normans

1066–1154

William I, the Conqueror

1066–1087

William II, called William Rufus

1087–1100

Henry I

1100–1135

Stephen

1135–1154

Plantagenets

1154–1399

Henry II

1154–1189

Richard I, the Lion-Hearted

1189–1199

John I

1199–1216

Henry III

1216–1272

Edward I

1272–1307

Edward II

1307–1327

Edward III

1327–1377

Richard II

1377–1399

Lancastrians

1399–1471

Henry IV

1399–1413

Henry V

1413–1422

Henry VI

1422–1461, 1470–1471

Yorkists

1461–1485

Edward IV

1461–1483

Edward V

1483

Richard III

1483–1485

Tudors

1485–1603

Henry VII

1485–1509

Henry VIII

1509–1547

Edward VI

1547–1553

Mary I, called Mary Tudor or Bloody Mary

1553–1558

Elizabeth I

1558–1603

Stuarts

1603–1714

James I

1603–1625

Charles I (39.13.7)

1625–1649

Charles II

1660–1685

James II

1685–1688

William III and Mary II

1689–1694

William III

1694–1702

Anne

1702–1714

Hanoverians

1714–1901

George I

1714–1727

George II

1727–1760

George III

1760–1820

George IV

1820–1830

William IV, the Sailor-King or Silly Billy

1830–1837

Victoria (14.126.1)

1837–1901

Saxe-Coburgs

1901–1910

Edward VII

1901–1910

Windsors

1910–present

George V

1910–1936

Edward VIII

1936

George VI

1936–1952

Elizabeth II

1952–present

France

Kingdom of the Franks

460–814 A.D.

Childeric I

460–482 A.D.

Chlodovech (Clovis) I (32.147)

482–511 A.D.

Chlothar I (32.147)

511–561

Charibert I

561–584

Chlothar II

584–629

Dagobert I

629–639

St. Sigebert

639–656

Childebert (24.167a–k)

656–661

Childeric II

662–675

Theuderic III

676–690

Chlodovech (Clovis) III

690–694

Childebert III

694–711

Theuderic IV

721–737

Childeric III

743–751

Pippin

754–768

Charles (Charlemagne)

768–814

The Kingdom of the Franks ends when Charlemagne raises it to imperial stature in 800—thereafter, see the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Duchy of Aquitaine (centered in western France)

898–1204

William I, the Pious

898–918

William II, the Younger

918–926

Ebalus the Bastard

927–934

William III, the Towhead

934–963

William IV, Fierabras (the Strong-Armed)

963–993

William V, the Great

993–1030

William VI, the Fat

1030–1038

Eudes (Odo)

1038–1039

William VII, the Brave

1039–1058

William VIII

1058–1086

William IX, the Troubadour

1086–1126

William X, the Toulousan

1126–1137

Eleanor

1137–1204

The duchy is united with England upon Eleanor's marriage to Henry II of England.

Duchy of Brittany (centered in western France)

937–1514

House of Nantes

937–990

Alan I, Wrybeard

937–952

Drogo

952–958

Hoël

960–981

Guérech

981–988

Alan II

988–990

House of Rennes

990–1066

Conan I, the Crooked

990–992

Geoffrey I

992–1008

Alan III

1008–1040

Conan II

1040–1066

House of Cornouaille

1066–1166

Hoël

1066–1084

Alan IV, Fergant (the Iron-Gloved)

1084–1112

Conan III, the Fat

1112–1148

Eudo of Porho't

1148–1156

Conan IV, the Younger

1156–1166

House of Plantagenet

Geoffrey II

1166–1186

House of Dreux

1187–1364

Arthur I (husband of Alix, daughter of Geoffrey II)

1187–1221

John I, the Red

1221–1286

John II

1286–1305

Arthur II

1305–1312

John III, the Good

1312–1341

Charles of Blois

1341–1364

House of Montfort

1364–1514

John IV, the Conqueror

1364–1399

John V

1399–1442

Francis I

1442–1450

Peter II

1450–1457

Francis II

1458–1488

Anne

1488–1514

The duchy is united with France upon Anne's marriage to Louis XII of France.

Duchy of Burgundy (centered in eastern France)

1162–1477

Hugh III

1162–1193

Odo (Eudes) III

1193–1218

Hugh IV

1218–1272

Robert II

1272–1309

Odo (Eudes) IV

1315–1350

Philip de Rouvres

1350–1361

Philip the Bold

1363–1404

John the Fearless

1404–1419

Philip the Good

1419–1467

Charles the Bold

1467–1477

The dynasty ends with a female heir, and the duchy reverts to the French crown.

County of Provence (centered in southeastern France)

1112–1481

House of Barcelona

1112–1245

Raymond Berengar I

1112–1131

Berengar Raymond I

1131–1144

Raymond Berengar II

1144–1166

Alfonso I

1166–1173

Raymond Berengar IV

1173–1181

Sancho

1181–1185

Alfonso II

1185–1209

Raymond Berengar V

1209–1245

Capetian House of Anjou

1246–1382

Charles I

1246–1285

Charles II, the Lame

1285–1309

Robert the Wise

1309–1343

Joan

1343–1382

Valois House of Anjou

1382–1481

Louis I

1382–1384

Louis II

1384–1417

Louis III

1417–1434

René the Good

1434–1480

Charles III, of Maine

1480–1481

Provence becomes French territory according to the terms of Charles III's will.

County of Toulouse (centered in southwestern France)

844–1271

Fredelon

844–852

Raymond I

852–863

Bernard I

864–872

Bernard II, Hairfoot, of Auvergne

872–885

Eudes (Odo)

885–918

Raymond II

918–923

Raymond Pons

923–942

Raymond III, of Rouergue

942–961

Raymond IV

961–978

William III, Taillefer

978–1037

Pons

1037–1060

William IV

1060–1093

Raymond V, of St. Gilles

1093–1105

Bertram

1105–1112

Alfonso Jordan

1112–1148

Raymond VI

1148–1194

Raymond VII

1194–1222

Raymond VIII

1222–1249

Alfonso of Poitiers

1249–1271

The county is united with France upon the death of Joan, daughter of Raymond VIII and wife of Alfonso of Poitiers, son of Louis VIII of France.

France

Capetians

987–1328

Hugues Capet (Hugh Capet)

987–996

Robert II, le Pieux (the Pious)

996–1031

Henri I (Henry I)

1031–1060

Philippe I (Philip I)

1059–1108

Louis VI, le Gros (the Fat)

1108–1137

Louis VII, le Jeune (the Young)

1137–1180

Philippe Auguste (Philippe II)

1179–1223

Louis VIII, le Lion

1223–1226

Louis IX (St. Louis) (37.173.3)

1226–1270

Philippe III, le Hardi (Philip III, the Bold)

1270–1285

Philippe IV, le Bel (Philip IV, the Fair)

1285–1314

Louis X, le Hutin (the Stubborn)

1314–1316

Philippe V, le Long (Philip V, the Tall)

1316–1322

Charles IV, le Bel (the Fair)

1322–1328

Valois

1328–1589

Philippe VI (Philip VI) (17.190.387,388,392)

1328–1350

Jean II, le Bon (John II, the Good)

1350–1364

Charles V, le Sage (the Wise)

1364–1380

Charles VI, le Bien-Aimé (the Well-Beloved)

1380–1422

Charles VII

1422–1461

Louis XI

1461–1483

Charles VIII

1483–1498

Louis XII

1498–1515

François I (Francis I) (41.100.245)

1515–1547

Henri II (Henry II) (25.2.93)

1547–1559

François II (Francis II)

1559–1560

Charles IX

1560–1574

Henri III (Henry III)

1574–1589

Bourbons

1589–1792

Henri IV (Henry IV, called Henry of Navarre)

1589–1610

Louis XIII

1610–1643

Louis XIV, le Roi Soleil (the Sun King) (46.43.4)

1643–1715

Louis XV, le Bien-Aimé (the Well-Beloved)

1715–1774

Louis XVI

1774–1792

First Empire

1804–1814

Napoleon I (43.99)

1804–1814

Bourbons

1814–1830

Louis XVIII

1814–1824

Charles X

1824–1830

Orléans

1830–1848

Louis-Philippe, le Roi-Citoyen (the Citizen King) (41.16.1)

1830–1848

Second Empire

1852–1870

Napoleon III, called Louis-Napoléon (1974.297)

1852–1870

Holy Roman Empire

Carolingians

800–911

Charlemagne (Charles I, the Great)

800–814

Louis I, le Pieux (the Pious)

814–840

Lothair I (in the Western part of the empire)

840–855

Ludwig II, der Deutsche (Louis II, the German) (in the Eastern part of the empire)

843–876

Ludwig II (Louis II)

855–875

Charles II, le Chauve (the Bald)

875–877

Charles III, le Gros (the Fat)

881–887

Arnulf

887–899

Ludwig III, das Kind (Louis III, the Child)

899–911

Saxons

911–1024

Konrad I (Conrad I)

911–918

Heinrich I, der Vogelfänger (Henry I, the Fowler)

919–936

Otto I, the Great (41.100.157)

936–973

Otto II

973–983

Otto III

983–1002

Heinrich II, der Heilige (Henry II, the Saint)

1002–1024

Salians

1024–1137

Konrad II (Conrad II)

1024–1039

Heinrich III (Henry III)

1039–1056

Heinrich IV (Henry IV)

1056–1106

Heinrich V (Henry V)

1106–1125

Lothair II

1125–1137

Hohenstaufens

1138–1254

Konrad III (Conrad III)

1138–1152

Friedrich I (Frederick I), Barbarossa (71.121)

1152–1190

Heinrich VI (Henry VI)

1190–1197

Otto IV of Brunswick

1198–1215

Philipp (Philip) of Swabia

1198–1208

Friedrich II (Frederick II)

1212–1250

Konrad IV (Conrad IV)

1251–1254

Habsburgs

Luxemburgs, and others

1273–1437

Rudolf I (Habsburg)

1273–1291

Adolf of Nassau

1292–1298

Albrecht I (Albert I) (Habsburg)

1298–1308

Heinrich I (Henry VII) of Luxembourg

1308–1313

Ludwig IV der Bayer (Louis IV of Bavaria)

1314–1347

Charles IV of Luxembourg

1347–1378

Wenceslas of Bohemia

1378–1400

Ruprecht Klem (Rupert) of the Palatinate

1400–1410

Sigismund of Luxembourg

1410–1437

Albrecht II (Albert II)

1438–1439

Friedrich III (Frederick III)

1440–1493

Maximilian I (26.261.14)

1493–1519

Charles V (17.190.745)

1519–1556

Ferdinand I

1556–1564

Maximilian II (1989.12.2)

1564–1576

Rudolph II (51.501.6469)

1576–1612

Matthias

1612–1619

Ferdinand II

1619–1637

Ferdinand III

1637–1657

Leopold I

1658–1705

Joseph I

1705–1711

Charles VI

1711–1740

Maria Theresa

1740–1780

Joseph II

1765–1790

Leopold II

1790–1792

Franz II (Francis II)

1792–1806

Papacy (from John VIII, first pope to use the title officially)

John VIII

872–882

Marinus I

882–884

St. Hadrian III

884–885

Stephen VI

885–891

Formosus

891–896

Boniface VI

896

Stephen VII

896–897

John IX

898–900

Benedict IV

900–903

Sergius III

904–911

Anastasius III

911–913

John X

914–928

Stephen VIII

929–931

John XI

931–935

Leo VII

936–939

Stephen IX

939–942

Marinus II

942–946

Agapitus II

946–955

John XII

955–964

Leo VIII

963–965

John XIII

965–972

Benedict VI

973–974

Benedict VII

974–983

John XIV

983–984

Boniface VII

984–985

John XV

985–996

Gregory V

996–999

Sylvester II

999–1003

John XVII

1003

John XVIII

1004–1009

Sergius IV

1009–1012

Benedict VIII

1012–1024

John XIX

1024–1032

Benedict IX

1032–1044

Sylvester III

1045

Gregory VI

1045–1046

Clement II

1046–1047

Damasus II

1048–1049

St. Leo IX

1049–1054

Victor II

1055–1057

Stephen X

1057–1058

Nicholas II

1059–1061

Alexander II

1061–1073

St. Gregory VII

1073–1085

Bd. Victor III

1086–1087

Bd. Urban II

1088–1099

Paschal I

1099–1118

Gelasius II

1118–1119

Calixtus II

1119–1124

Honorius II

1124–1130

Innocent II

1130–1143

Celestine II

1143–1144

Lucius II

1144–1145

Bd. Eugenius III

1145–1153

Anastasius IV

1153–1154

Hadrian IV

1154–1159

Alexander III

1159–1181

Lucius III

1181–1185

Urban III

1185–1187

Gregory VIII

1187

Clement III

1187–1191

Celestine III

1191–1198

Innocent III

1198–1216

Honorius III

1216–1227

Gregory IX

1227–1241

Celestine IV

1241

Innocent IV

1243–1254

Alexander IV

1254–1261

Urban IV

1261–1264

Clement IV

1265–1268

Gregory X

1271–1276

Innocent V

1276

Hadrian V

1276

John XXI

1276–1277

Nicholas III

1277–1280

Martin IV

1281–1285

Honorius IV

1285–1287

Nicholas IV

1288–1292

St. Celestine V

1294

Boniface VIII

1294–1303

Bd. Benedict XI

1303–1304

Clement V

1305–1314

John XXII (ruled from Avignon)

1316–1334

Benedict XII (ruled from Avignon)

1334–1342

Clement VI (ruled from Avignon)

1342–1352

Innocent VI (ruled from Avignon)

1352–1362

Urban V (ruled from Avignon)

1362–1370

Gregory XI, Pierre-Roger de Beaufort

1370–1378

Urban VI, Bartolomeo Prignano

1378–1389

Boniface IX, Pietro Tomacelli

1389–1404

Innocent VII, Cosimo de' Migliorati

1404–1406

Gregory XII, Angelo Correr

1406–1415

Martin V, Oddo Colonna

1417–1431

Eugenius IV, Gabriele Condulmero

1431–1447

Nicholas V, Tommaso Parentucelli

1447–1455

Calixtus III, Alfonso de Borgia

1455–1458

Pius II, Enea Silvio Piccolomini

1458–1464

Paul II, Pietro Barbo

1464–1471

Sixtus IV, Francesco della Rovere

1471–1484

Innocent VIII, Giovanni Battista Cibò

1484–1492

Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia

1492–1503

Pius III, Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini

1503

Julius II, Giuliano della Rovere

1503–1513

Leo X, Giovanni de' Medici

1513–1521

Adrian VI, Adrian Florensz Boeyens

1522–1523

Clement VII, Giulio de' Medici

1523–1534

Paul III, Alessandro Farnese

1534–1549

Julius III, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte

1550–1555

Marcellus II, Marcello Cervini

1555

Paul IV, Gian Pietro Carafa

1555–1559

Pius IV, Giovanni Angelo de' Medici

1559–1565

St. Pius V, Antonio Ghislieri

1566–1572

Gregory XIII, Ugo Buoncompagni

1572–1585

Sixtus V, Felice Peretti

1585–1590

Urban VII, Giambattista Castagna

1590

Gregory XIV, Niccolò Sfondrato

1590–1591

Innocent IX, Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti

1591

Clement VIII, Ippolito Aldobrandini

1592–1605

Leo XI, Alessandro de' Medici

1605

Paul V, Camillo Borghese

1605–1621

Gregory XV, Alessandro Ludovisi

1621–1623

Urban VIII, Maffeo Barberini

1623–1644

Innocent X, Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (08.49)

1644–1655

Alexander VII, Fabio Chigi (57.20)

1655–1667

Clement IX, Giulio Rospigliosi

1667–1669

Clement X, Emilio Altieri

1670–1676

Innocent XI, Benedetto Odescalchi

1676–1689

Alexander VIII, Pietro Ottoboni

1689–1691

Innocent XII, Antonio Pignatelli

1691–1700

Clement XI, Giovanni Francesco Albani

1700–1721

Innocent XIII, Michelangelo Conti

1721–1724

Benedict XIII, Pierfrancesco Orsini

1724–1730

Clement XII, Lorenzo Corsini

1730–1740

Benedict XIV, Prospero Lambertini (2009.145)

1740–1758

Clement XIII, Carlo Rezzonico

1758–1769

Clement XIV, Giovanni Ganganelli

1769–1774

Pius VI, Giovanni Angelo Braschi

1775–1799

Pius VII, Barnaba Gregorio Chiaramonti

1800–1823

Leo XII, Annibale della Genga

1823–1829

Pius VIII, Francesco Saverio Castiglioni

1829–1830

Gregory XVI, Bartolomeo Cappellari

1831–1846

Pius IX, Giovanni Mastai-Ferretti

1846–1878

Leo XIII, Gioacchino Pecci

1878–1903

St. Pius X, Giuseppe Sarto

1903–1914

Benedict XV, Giacomo della Chiesa

1914–1922

Pius XI, Achille Ratti

1922–1939

Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli

1939–1958

John XXIII, Angelo Roncalli

1958–1963

Paul VI, Giovanni Battista Montini

1963–1978

John Paul I, Albino Luciani

1978

John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla

1978–2005

Benedict XVI, Joseph Ratzinger

2005–2013

Francis I, Jorge Mario Bergoglio

2013–present

Iberian Peninsula

Visigothic Kingdom

391–720 A.D.

Alaric I

391–410 A.D.

Athaulf

410–415 A.D.

Wallia

415–418 A.D.

Theodoric

418–451 A.D.

Thorismund

451–453 A.D.

Euric

466–484 A.D.

Alaric II

484–507 A.D.

Gesalic

507–511

Amalaric

511–531

Theudis

531–548

Achila I

548–555

Athanagild

555–567

Liuva I

567–572

Leovigild (sole king after 572)

568–586

Reccared I

586–601

Sisebut

612–621

Svinthala

621–631

Sisenand

631–636

Chindaswinth

642–653

Recceswinth

653–672

Wamba

672–680

Erwig

680–687

Egica

687–702

Wittiza

702–710

Roderic

710–711

Achila II

711–714

Ardo

714–720

Muslim conquest brings kingdom to an end.

Kingdom of Aragon (northeastern Spain)

1035–1516

Ramiro I

1035–1063

Sancho I Ramírez

1063–1094

Pedro I (Peter I)

1094–1104

Alfonso I, el Batallador (the Battler)

1104–1134

Ramiro II, el Monje (the Monk)

1134–1137

Petronila

1137–1174

Alfonso II, el Casto (the Chaste)

1164–1196

Pedro II (Peter II)

1196–1213

Jaime I, el Conquistador (James I, the Conqueror)

1214–1276

Pedro III, el Grande (Peter III, the Great)

1276–1285

Alfonso III, el Liberal (the Generous)

1285–1291

Jaime II (James II)

1291–1327

Alfonso IV, el Benigno (the Benign)

1327–1336

Pedro IV, el Ceremonioso (Peter IV, the Ceremonious)

1336–1387

Juan I (John I)

1387–1395

Martin I

1395–1410

interregnum

1410–1412

Fernando I (Ferdinand I)

1410–1416

Alfonso V, el Magnánimo (the Magnanimous)

1416–1458

Juan II (John II)

1458–1479

Fernando II, el Católico (Ferdinand II, the Catholic)

1479–1516

Kingdom of Castile (central Spain)

1029–1555

Sancho I, el Mayor (the Great)

1029–1035

Fernando I, el Magno (Ferdinand I, the Great)

1035–1065

Sancho II

1065–1072

Alfonso VI, el Bravo (the Valiant)

1072–1109

Urraca

1109–1126

Alfonso VII

1126–1157

Sancho III

1157–1158

Alfonso VIII

1158–1214

Enrique I (Henry I)

1214–1217

Fernando III, el Santo (Ferdinand III, the Saint)

1217–1252

Alfonso X, el Sabio (the Learned)

1252–1284

Sancho IV

1284–1295

Fernando IV, el Emplazado (Ferdinand IV, the Summoned)

1295–1312

Alfonso XI

1312–1350

Pedro, el Cruel (Peter, the Cruel)

1350–1369

Enrique II (Henry II)

1369–1379

Juan I (John I)

1379–1390

Enrique III, el Doliente (Henry III, the Sufferer)

1390–1406

Juan II (John II)

1406–1454

Enrique IV (Henry IV)

1454–1474

Isabel I, la Católica (Isabella I, the Catholic)

1474–1504

Juana I, la Loca (Joan / Joanna I, the Mad)

1504–1555

Spain

Habsburgs

Carlos I (Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire) (17.190.745)

1516–1556

Felipe II (Philip II) (38.150.9)

1556–1598

Felipe III (Philip III)

1598–1621

Felipe IV (Philip IV) (14.40.639)

1621–1665

Carlos II (Charles II)

1665–1700

Bourbons (Borbóns)

1700–1808

Felipe V (Philip V) (abdicated)

1700–1724

Luis I (Louis I)

1724

Felipe V (Philip V) (reinstated)

1724–1746

Fernando VI (Ferdinand VI)

1746–1759

Carlos III (Charles III)

1759–1788

Carlos IV (Charles IV)

1788–1808

Napoleonic Rule

1808–1814

Joseph Bonaparte

1808–1814

Bourbons (Borbóns)

1808–present

Fernando VII (Ferdinand VII)

1808, 1814–1833

Isabel II (Isabella II)

1833–1868

Amadeo I, of Savoy

1870–1873

Alfonso XII

1874–1885

Alfonso XIII

1886–1931

Juan Carlos

1975–2014

Felipe VI (Philip VI)

2014–present

Italian Peninsula

Langobardic Kingdom (centered in northern Italy)

569–774

Alboin

569–572

Cleph

572–574

Authari (first husband of Theodelinda)

584–590

Agilulf (second husband of Theodelinda)

590–615

Adalwald

616–626

Ariwald

626–636

Rothari

636–652

Aripert I

653–661

Grimwald

662–671

Perctarit

671–688

Cunipert

688–700

Aripert II

701–712

Liutprand

712–744

Ratchis

744–749, 756–757

Aistulf

749–756

Desiderius

757–774

Invasion of the Franks brings kingdom to an end.

Doges of Venice

Orso Ipato

726–737

Teodato Ipato

742–755

Domenico Monegario

756–764

Maurizio Galbaio

764–787

Giovanni Galbaio

787–803

Obelerio degli Antenori

803–810

Agnello Particiaco

810–827

Giustiniano Particiaco

827–829

Giovanni Particiaco I

829–836

Pietro Tradonico

836–864

Orso Particiaco I

864–881

Giovanni Particiaco II

881–887

Pietro Candiano I

887

Pietro Tribuno

888–911

Orso Particiaco II

911–932

Pietro Candiano II

932–939

Pietro Particiaco

939–942

Pietro Candiano III

942–959

Pietro Candiano IV

959–976

Pietro Orseolo I

976–978

Tribuno Memmo

979–991

Pietro Orseolo II

991–1009

Otto Orseolo

1009–1026

Pietro Centranico

1026–1030

Domenico Flabinico

1031–1041

Domenico Contarini I

1041–1071

Domenico Silvo

1071–1084

Vitale Falier

1084–1095

Vitale Michiel I

1095–1110

Ordelafo Falier

1101–1118

Domenico Michiel

1118–1130

Pietro Polani

1130–1148

Domenico Morosini

1148–1155

Vitale Michiel II

1155–1172

Sebastiano Ziani

1172–1178

Orio Mastropiero

1178–1192

Enrico Dandolo

1192–1205

Pietro Ziani

1205–1229

Jacopo Tiepolo

1229–1249

Marin Morosini

1249–1253

Renier Zeno

1253–1268

Lorenzo Tiepolo

1268–1275

Jacopo Contarini

1275–1280

Giovanni Dandolo

1280–1289

Pietro Gradenigo

1289–1311

Giovanni Soranzo

1312–1328

Francesco Dandolo

1329–1339

Bartolomeo Gradenigo

1339–1342

Andrea Dandolo

1343–1354

Marino Falier

1354–1355

Giovanni Gradenigo

1355–1356

Giovanni Dolfin

1356–1361

Lorenzo Celsi

1361–1365

Marco Cornaro

1365–1368

Andrea Contarini

1368–1382

Antonio Venier

1382–1400

Michele Steno

1400–1413

Tommaso Mocenigo

1414–1423

Francesco Foscari

1423–1457

Pasquale Malipiero

1457–1462

Cristoforo Moro

1462–1471

Niccolò Tron

1471–1473

Niccolò Marcello

1473–1474

Pietro Mocenigo

1474–1476

Andrea Vendramin

1476–1478

Giovanni Mocenigo

1478–1485

Marco Barbarigo

1485–1486

Agostino Barbarigo

1486–1501

Leonardo Loredan

1501–1521

Antonio Grimani

1521–1523

Andrea Gritti

1523–1538

Pietro Lando

1539–1545

Francesco Donato

1545–1553

Marcantonio Trevisan

1553–1554

Francesco Venier

1554–1556

Lorenzo Priuli

1556–1559

Girolamo Priuli

1559–1567

Pietro Loredan

1567–1570

Alvise Mocenigo I

1570–1577

Niccolò da Ponte

1578–1585

Pasquale Cigogna

1585–1595

Marino Grimani

1595–1605

Leonardo Donato

1605–1612

Marcantonio Memmo

1612–1615

Giovanni Bembo

1615–1618

Antonio Priuli

1618–1623

Francesco Contarini

1623–1624

Giovanni Cornaro I

1625–1629

Niccolò Contarini

1630–1631

Francesco Erizzo

1631–1646

Francesco Molin

1646–1655

Carlo Contarini

1655–1656

Bertuccio Valier

1656–1658

Giovanni Pesaro

1658–1659

Domenico Contarini II

1659–1675

Niccolò Sagredo

1675–1676

Marcantonio Giustiniani

1684–1688

Francesco Morosini

1688–1694

Silvestro Valier

1694–1700

Alvise Mocenigo II

1700–1709

Giovanni Cornaro II

1709–1722

Alvise Mocenigo III

1722–1732

Carlo Ruzzini

1732–1735

Alvise Pisani

1733–1741

Pietro Grimani

1741–1752

Francesco Loredan

1752–1762

Marco Foscarini

1762–1763

Alvise Mocenigo IV

1763–1778

Paolo Renier

1779–1789

Ludovico Monin

1789–1797

The Venetian Republic and the office of Doge come to an end with the French invasion of 1797.

Low Countries

Duchy of Brabant

1106–1430

House of Louvain

1106–1355

Godfrey I, the Bearded

1106–1128

Walram II, of Limbourg

1128–1139

Godfrey II

1139–1142

Godfrey III

1142–1190

Henry I

1190–1235

Henry II

1235–1248

Henry III

1248–1261

Henry IV

1261–1267

John I, the Victorious

1267–1294

John II

1294–1312

John III

1312–1355

House of Luxemburg

1355–1406

Wenceslas

1355–1383

Johanna (daughter of John III and wife of Wenceslas)

1383–1406

House of Burgundy

1406–1430

Anthony

1406–1415

John IV

1415–1427

Philip of St. Pol

1427–1430

The duchy is united with Burgundy as of Philip's reign.

Russia

Muscovite Princes

1462–1598

Ivan III, the Great

1462–1505

Vasily III (Basil III)

1505–1533

Ivan IV, the Terrible

1533–1584

Fyodor I Ivanovich (Theodore I Ivanovich)

1584–1598

Romanoff Czars

1613–1917

Michael (Mikhail) Romanoff

1613–1645

Alexis (Alexei) I

1645–1676

Peter (Pyotr) I, the Great

1682–1725

Catherine (Yekaterina) I

1725–1727

Peter (Pyotr) II

1727–1730

Anna Ivanovna

1730–1740

Elizabeth (Yelisaveta) Petrovna (1978.554.2)

1741–1762

Catherine (Yekatrina) II, the Great (52.189.11)

1762–1796

Paul (Pavel)

1796–1801

Alexander (Aleksandr) I

1801–1825

Nicholas (Nikolai) I (1983.183.5)

1825–1855

Alexander (Aleksandr) II

1855–1881

Alexander (Aleksandr) III

1881–1894

Nicholas (Nikolai) II

1894–1917

Scandinavia

Kingdom of Denmark (centered in the Danish peninsula)

940–1396

House of Jutland

940–1046

Harald I Bluetooth

940–986

Svend I Forkbeard

986–1014

Harald II

1014–1018

Knud I, the Great

1019–1035

Hardeknud

1035–1042

Magnus the Good

1042–1046

House of Svend Estridsen

1046–1375

Svend II Estridsen

1046–1074

Harald III

1074–1080

St. Knud

1080–1086

Oluf I

1086–1095

Erik I, the Evergood

1095–1103

Niels

1104–1134

Erik II, the Memorable

1134–1137

Erik III, the Lamb

1137–1146

Knud III

1146–1157

Valdemar I, the Great

1157–1182

Knud IV

1182–1202

Valdemar II, the Victorious

1202–1241

Erik IV Ploughpenny

1241–1250

Christopher I

1252–1259

Erik V

1259–1286

Erik VI

1286–1319

Christopher II

1320–1326, 1330–1332

Valdemar III

1326–1330

Valdemar IV

1340–1375

House of Norway

1376–1396

Oluf II

1376–1387

Margaret I

1387–1396

Kalmar Union (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden)

House of Pomerania

Erik VII

1396–1439

House of Palatinate

Christopher III of Bavaria

1440–1448

House of Oldenburg

1448–1523

Christian I

1448–1481

John

1483–1513

Christian II

1513–1523

Kingdom of Denmark and Norway

1521–1914

House of Oldenburg

Frederick I

1523–1533

Christian III

1533–1559

Frederick II

1559–1588

Christian IV

1588–1648

Frederick III

1648–1670

Christian V

1670–1699

Frederick IV

1699–1730

Christian VI

1730–1746

Frederick V

1746–1766

Christian VII

1766–1808

regency of Johann Friedrich Struense

1770–1772

Kingdom of Sweden (centered in Baltic Scandinavia)

980–1388

House of Yngling

980–1060

Erik the Victorious

980–995

Olof Sköttkonung

995–1022

Anund

1022–1050

Emund the Old

1050–1060

House of Stenkil

1060–1130

Stenkil Ragnvaldsson

1060–1066

Haaken the Red

ca. 1066–1079

Blot-Sven

1080–1083

Inge I

1083–1110

Philip

1110–1118

Inge II

1118–1130

Houses of Sverker and Erik

1130–1234

Sverker I, the Elder

1130–1156

St. Erik Jedvardsson

1156–1160

Charles Sverkersson

1161–1167

Kol Jonsson

1167–1173

Knut Eriksson

1173–1196

Sverker II

1196–1208

Erik Knutsson

1208–1216

John I

1216–1222

Erik Eriksson

1222–1229, 1234–1250

Knut the Tall

1229–1234

House of Folkung

1250–1388

Valdemar

1250–1275

Magnus I

1275–1290

Birger

1290–1318

Magnus II

1319–1364

Albert

1364–1388

The Swedes invite Margaret of Denmark to reign over them, and the two kingdoms are joined in the Kalmar Union from 1397 to 1523.

House of Vasa

1523–1654

Gustav I

1523–1560

Erik XIV

1560–1568

John III

1568–1592

Sigismund III

1592–1599

Karl IX (Charles IX)

1599–1611

Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus)

1611–1632

Christina

1632–1654

regency of Axel Oxenstierna

1632–1644

House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken

1654–1720

Karl X Gustav (Charles X Gustav)

1654–1660

Karl XI

1660–1697

Karl XII

1697–1718

Ulrika Eleonora

1718–1720

House of Hesse

Frederik I (Frederick I)

1720–1751

House of Holstein-Gottorp

1751–1818

Adolf Frederik (Adolphus Frederick)

1751–1771

Gustav III

1771–1792

Gustav IV Adolf

1792–1809

Karl XIII (Charles III)

1809–1818

Citation

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Chronology

Keywords

Artist / Maker

See Also

Augustus the Strong

Charles I

Queen Victoria

Doorway from Moutiers-Saint-Jean

Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vincent of Saragossa and the History of His Relics

King Louis IX Carrying the Crown of Thorns

Seasons and Elements (Air) (set of four)

King, from a group of Donor Figures including a King, Queen, and Prince

François I (1494–1547), King of France

Henri II, King of France, Between France and Fame

Portrait of Napoleon I

The Past, the Present, and the Future (Le passé – Le présent – L'Avenir), published in La Caricature, no. 166, Jan. 9, 1834

Napoléon III (1808–1873), Emperor of the French

Plaque with Christ Receiving Magdeburg Cathedral from Emperor Otto I

The Investiture of Bishop Harold as Duke of Franconia

Presentation Coin (Doppelguldiner) Showing Maximilian I (1459–1519)

Allegory of Virtues and Vices at the Court of Charles V

Maximillian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1527–1576)

Portrait of Rudolph II

Pope Innocent X (Giovanni Battista Pamphili, reigned 1644–55)

Pope Alexander VII (1599–1667)

Pope Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini, 1675–1758)

Emperor Charles V (1500–58) and his Son Philip II of Spain (1527–98)

Philip IV (1605-1665), King of Spain

The Empress Elizabeth of Russia (1709-1762) on Horseback, Attended by a Page

Catherine II (The Great), Empress of Russia

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