Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

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List of Rulers of the Islamic World

See works of art
  • Sulaiman the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey (1520–1566)
    18.70.8
  • Portrait of Sultan Ahmet I (r. 1603–17)
    44.30
  • Pen Box (Qalamdan) Depicting Shah Ismail in a Battle against the Uzbeks
    2006.523
  • Shah Abbas, King of Persia, from Effigie naturali dei maggior prencipi et piu valorosi capitani di questa eta con larme loro
    57.506
  • Naser al-Din Shah
    1977.683.22
Caliphs and Wazirs
Rashidun Dynasty
A.H. 11–40 / A.D. 632–661
Abu Bakr
A.H. 11–13 / A.D. 632–634
'Umar ibn al-Khattab
A.H. 13–23 / A.D. 634–644
'Uthman ibn 'Affan
A.H. 23–35 / A.D. 644–656
'Ali ibn Abi-Talib
A.H. 35–40 / A.D. 656–661
Umayyad Dynasty
A.H. 41–132 / A.D. 661–750
Mu'awiya I
A.H. 41–60 / A.D. 661–680
Yazid I
A.H. 60–64 / A.D. 680–683
Mu'awiya II
A.H. 64 / A.D. 683–684
Marwan I
A.H. 64–65 / A.D. 684–685
'Abd al-Malik
A.H. 65–86 / A.D. 685–705
al-Walid I
A.H. 86–96 / A.D. 705–715
Sulayman
A.H. 96–99 / A.D. 715–717
'Umar II
A.H. 99–101 / A.D. 717–720
Yazid II
A.H. 101–105 / A.D. 720–724
Hisham
A.H. 105–125 / A.D. 724–743
al-Walid II
A.H. 125–126 / A.D. 743–744
Yazid III
A.H. 126 / A.D. 744
Ibrahim
A.H. 126 / A.D. 744
Marwan II
A.H. 127–132 / A.D. 744–750
'Abbasid Dynasty (Iraq)
A.H. 132–656 / A.D. 750–1258
al-Saffah
A.H. 132–136 / A.D. 749–754
al-Mansur
A.H. 136–158 / A.D. 754–775
al-Mahdi
A.H. 158–169 / A.D. 775–785
al-Hadi
A.H. 169–170 / A.D. 785–786
Harun al-Rashid
A.H. 170–193 / A.D. 786–809
al-Amin
A.H. 193–198 / A.D. 809–813
al-Ma'mun
A.H. 198–218 / A.D. 813–833
al-Mu'tasim
A.H. 218–227 / A.D. 833–842
al-Wathiq
A.H. 227–232 / A.D. 842–847
al-Mutawakkil
A.H. 232–247 / A.D. 847–861
al-Muntasir
A.H. 247–248 / A.D. 861–862
al-Musta'in
A.H. 248–252 / A.D. 862–866
al-Mu'tazz
A.H. 252–255 / A.D. 866–869
al-Muhtadi
A.H. 255–256 / A.D. 869–870
al-Mu'tamid
A.H. 256–279 / A.D. 870–892
al-Mu'tadid
A.H. 279–289 / A.D. 892–902
al-Muktafi
A.H. 289–295 / A.D. 902–908
al-Muqtadir
A.H. 295–320 / A.D. 908–932
al-Qahir
A.H. 320–322 / A.D. 932–934
al-Radi
A.H. 322–329 / A.D. 934–940
al-Muttaqi
A.H. 329–333 / A.D. 940–944
al-Mustakfi
A.H. 333–334 / A.D. 944–946
al-Muti'
A.H. 334–363 / A.D. 946–974
al-Ta'i'
A.H. 363–381 / A.D. 974–991
al-Qadir
A.H. 381–422 / A.D. 991–1031
al-Qa'im
A.H. 422–467 / A.D. 1031–1075
al-Muqtadi
A.H. 467–487 / A.D. 1075–1094
al-Mustazhir
A.H. 487–512 / A.D. 1094–1118
al-Mustarshid
A.H. 512–529 / A.D. 1118–1135
al-Rashid
A.H. 529–530 / A.D. 1135–1136
al-Muqtafi
A.H. 530–555 / A.D. 1136–1160
al-Mustanjid
A.H. 555–566 / A.D. 1160–1170
al-Mustadi'
A.H. 566–575 / A.D. 1170–1180
al-Nasir
A.H. 575–622 / A.D. 1180–1225
al-Zahir
A.H. 622–623 / A.D. 1225–1226
al-Mustansir
A.H. 623–640 / A.D. 1226–1242
al-Musta'sim
A.H. 640–656 / A.D. 1242–1258
Barmakid Dynasty
ca. A.H. 165–221 / A.D. 781–835
Barmak
Khalid
d. A.H. 165 / A.D. 781
Yahya
d. A.H. 190 / A.D. 805
Ja'far
d. A.H. 187 / A.D. 803
al-Fadl
d. A.H. 193 / A.D. 808
Musa
d. A.H. 221 / A.D. 835
'Imran
?
'Abbasid Dynasty (Egypt)
A.H. 659–923 / A.D. 1261–1517
al-Mustansir
A.H. 659 / A.D. 1261
al-Hakim I
A.H. 660–701 / A.D. 1261–1302
al-Mustakfi I
A.H. 701–740 / A.D. 1302–1340
al-Wathiq I
A.H. 740–741 / A.D. 1340–1341
al-Hakim II
A.H. 741–753 / A.D. 1341–1352
al-Mu'tadid I
A.H. 753–763 / A.D. 1352–1362
al-Mutawakkil I (1st reign)
A.H. 763–779 / A.D. 1362–1377
al-Mu'tasim (1st reign)
A.H. 779 / A.D. 1377
al-Mutawakkil I (2nd reign)
A.H. 779–785 / A.D. 1377–1383
al-Wathiq II
A.H. 785–788 / A.D. 1383–1385
al-Mu'tasim (2nd reign)
A.H. 788–791 / A.D. 1385–1389
al-Mutawakkil I (3rd reign)
A.H. 791–808 / A.D. 1389–1406
al-Musta'in
A.H. 808–816 / A.D. 1406–1414
al-Mu'tadid II
A.H. 816–845 / A.D. 1414–1441
al-Mustakfi II
A.H. 845–855 / A.D. 1441–1451
al-Qa'im
A.H. 855–859 / A.D. 1451–1455
al-Mustanjid
A.H. 859–884 / A.D. 1455–1479
al-Mutawakkil II
A.H. 884–903 / A.D. 1479–1497
al-Mustamsik (1st reign)
A.H. 903–914 / A.D. 1497–1508
al-Mutawakkil III (1st reign)
A.H. 914–922 / A.D. 1508–1516
al-Mustamsik (2nd reign)
A.H. 922–923 / A.D. 1516–1517
al-Mutawakkil III (3rd reign)
A.H. 923 / A.D. 1517
Selected early Shi'i rulers
A.H. 35–ca. 264 / A.D. 656–ca. 878
'Ali
d. A.H. 40 / A.D. 661
Hasan
d. ca. A.H. 49 / A.D. 669
Husayn
d. A.H. 61 / A.D. 680
'Ali Zayn al-'Abidin
d. A.H. 94 / A.D. 712
Muhammad al-Baqir
d. A.H. 113 / A.D. 731
Ja'far al-Sadiq
d. A.H. 148 / A.D. 765
Musa al-Kazim
d. A.H. 183 / A.D. 799
'Ali al-Rida
d. A.H. 203 / A.D. 818
Muhammad al-Jawad
d. A.H. 220 / A.D. 835
'Ali al-Hadi
d. A.H. 254 / A.D. 868
Hasan al-'Askari
d. A.H. 260 / A.D. 874
Muhammad al-Mantazar
d. ca. A.H. 264 / A.D. 878
Egypt
Tulunid Dynasty
A.H. 254–292 / A.D. 868–905
Ahmad ibn Tulun
A.H. 254–270 / A.D. 868–884
Khumarawayh
A.H. 270–282 / A.D. 884–896
Jaysh
A.H. 282–283 / A.D. 896
Harun
A.H. 283–292 / A.D. 896–905
Shayban
A.H. 292 / A.D. 905
Ilkhshidid Dynasty
A.H. 323–358 / A.D. 935–969
Muhammad ibn Tughj
A.H. 323–334 / A.D. 935–946
Unujur
A.H. 334–349 / A.D. 946–960
'Ali
A.H. 349–355 / A.D. 960–966
Kafur
A.H. 355–357 / A.D. 966–968
Ahmad
A.H. 357–358 / A.D. 968–969
Fatimid Dynasty
A.H. 297–567 / A.D. 909–1171
'Ubaydullah al-Mahdi
A.H. 297–322 / A.D. 909–934
al-Qa'im
A.H. 322–334 / A.D. 934–946
al-Mansur
A.H. 334–341 / A.D. 946–953
al-Mu'izz
A.H. 341–365 / A.D. 953–975
al-'Aziz
A.H. 365–386 / A.D. 975–996
al-Hakim
A.H. 386–411 / A.D. 996–1021
al-Zahir
A.H. 411–427 / A.D. 1021–1036
al-Mustansir
A.H. 427–487 / A.D. 1036–1094
al-Musta'li
A.H. 487–495 / A.D. 1094–1101
al-Amir
A.H. 495–524 / A.D. 1101–1130
[interregnum]
A.H. 524–525 / A.D. 1130–1131
al-Hafiz
A.H. 525–544 / A.D. 1131–1149
al-Zafir
A.H. 544–549 / A.D. 1149–1154
al-Fa'iz
A.H. 549–555 / A.D. 1154–1160
al-'Adid
A.H. 555–567 / A.D. 1160–1171
Ayyubid Dynasty (Egypt)
A.H. 564–650 / A.D. 1169–1252
Salah al-Din (Saladin)
A.H. 564–589 / A.D. 1169–1193
al-'Aziz
A.H. 589–595 / A.D. 1193–1198
al-Mansur
A.H. 595–596 / A.D. 1198–1200
al-'Adil I
A.H. 596–615 / A.D. 1200–1218
al-Kamil
A.H. 615–635 / A.D. 1218–1238
al-'Adil II
A.H. 635–637 / A.D. 1238–1240
al-Salih Ayyub
A.H. 637–647 / A.D. 1240–1249
Turan Shah
A.H. 647–648 / A.D. 1249–1250
al-Ashraf II
A.H. 648–650 / A.D. 1250–1252
Ayyubid Dynasty (Damascus)
A.H. 582–658 / A.D. 1186–1260
al-Afdal
A.H. 582–92 / A.D. 1186–1196
al-'Adil I
A.H. 592–615 / A.D. 1196–1218
al-Mu'azzam
A.H. 615–24 / A.D. 1218–1227
al-Nasir Salah al-Din Da'ud
A.H. 624–26 / A.D. 1227–1229
al-Ashraf
A.H. 626–34 / A.D. 1229–1237
al-Salih Isma'il (1st reign)
A.H. 634–35 / A.D. 1237–1238
al-Kamil
A.H. 635 / A.D. 1238
al-'Adil II
A.H. 635–36 / A.D. 1238–1239
al-Salih Isma'il Najm al-Din Ayyub (1st reign)
A.H. 636–37 / A.D. 1239
al-Salih Isma'il (2nd reign)
A.H. 637–43 / A.D. 1239–1245
al-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (2nd reign)
A.H. 643–47 / A.D. 1245–1249
al-Mu'azzam Turan Shah
A.H. 647–48 / A.D. 1249–1250
al-Nasir Salah al-Din II
A.H. 648–58 / A.D. 1250–1260
Ayyubid Dynasty (Aleppo)
A.H. 579–658 / A.D. 1183–1260
al-'Adil I
A.H. 579–582 / A.D. 1183–1186
al-Zahir Ghiyath al-Din
A.H. 582–613 / A.D. 1186–1216
al-'Aziz Ghiyath al-Din
A.H. 613–634 / A.D. 1216–1237
al-Nasir Salah al-Din II
A.H. 634–658 / A.D. 1237–1260
Ayyubid Dynasty (Mayyafariqin, Sinjar)
A.H. 581–658 / A.D. 1185–1260
Ayyubid Dynasty (Ba'lbakk)
A.H. 568–658 / A.D. 1172–1260
Ayyubid Dynasty (Hama)
A.H. 574–732 / A.D. 1178–1332
Ayyubid Dynasty (Hims)
A.H. 574–661 / A.D. 1178–1272
Ayyubid Dynasty (Yemen)
A.H. 569–626 / A.D. 1174–1229
al-Mu'azzam Shams al-Din Turan Shah
A.H. 569–577 / A.D. 1174–1181
al-'Aziz Zahir al-Din Tughtigin
A.H. 577–593 / A.D. 1181–1197
Mu'izz al-Din Isma'il
A.H. 593–598 / A.D. 1197–1202
al-Nasir Ayyub
A.H. 598–611 / A.D. 1202–1214
al-Muzaffar Sulayman
A.H. 611–612 / A.D. 1214–1215
al-Mas'ud Salah al-Din
A.H. 612–626 / A.D. 1215–1229
Ayyubid Dynasty (Hisn Kayfa and Amid)
A.H. 629–9th c. / A.D. 1232–15th c.
Mamluk Dynasty (Bahri)
A.H. 648–792 / A.D. 1250–1390
Shajar al-Durr
A.H. 648 / A.D. 1250
Aybak
A.H. 648–655 / A.D. 1250–1257
'Ali
A.H. 655–657 / A.D. 1257–1259
Qutuz
A.H. 657–658 / A.D. 1259–1260
Baybars I
A.H. 658–676 / A.D. 1260–1277
Baraka Khan
A.H. 676–678 / A.D. 1277–1280
Salamish
A.H. 678 / A.D. 1280
Qala'un
A.H. 678–689 / A.D. 1280–1290
Khalil
A.H. 689–693 / A.D. 1290–1294
al-Nasir Muhammad (1st reign)
A.H. 693–694 / A.D. 1294–1295
Kitbugha
A.H. 694–696 / A.D. 1295–1297
Lajin
A.H. 696–698 / A.D. 1297–1299
al-Nasir Muhammad (2nd reign)
A.H. 698–708 / A.D. 1299–1309
Baybars II
A.H. 708–709 / A.D. 1309
al-Nasir Muhammad (3rd reign)
A.H. 709–741 / A.D. 1309–1340
Abu Bakr
A.H. 741–742 / A.D. 1340–1341
Kujuk
A.H. 742–743 / A.D. 1341–1342
Ahmad
A.H. 743 / A.D. 1342
Isma'il
A.H. 743–746 / A.D. 1342–1345
Sha'ban I
A.H. 746–747 / A.D. 1345–1346
Hajji I
A.H. 747–748 / A.D. 1346–1347
al-Nasir al-Hasan (1st reign)
A.H. 748–752 / A.D. 1347–1351
Salih
A.H. 752–755 / A.D. 1351–1354
al-Nasir al-Hasan (2nd reign)
A.H. 755–762 / A.D. 1354–1361
al-Mansur Muhammad
A.H. 762–764 / A.D. 1361–1363
Sha'ban II
A.H. 764–778 / A.D. 1363–1376
al-Mansur 'Ali
A.H. 778–783 / A.D. 1376–1382
al-Salih Hajji II
A.H. 783–784 / A.D. 1382
[Barquq]
[A.H. 784–791 / A.D. 1382–1389]
Hajji II (2nd reign)
A.H. 791 / A.D. 1389
Mamluk Dynasty (Circassian [Burji])
A.H. 784–922 / A.D. 1382–1517
Barquq (1st reign)
A.H. 784–791 / A.D. 1382–1389
[Hajji I]
[A.H. 791–792 / A.D. 1389–1390]
Barquq (2nd reign)
A.H. 792–801 / A.D. 1390–1399
Faraj (1st reign)
A.H. 801–808 / A.D. 1399–1405
al-Mansur 'Abd al-'Aziz
A.H. 808 / A.D. 1405
Faraj (2nd reign)
A.H. 808–815 / A.D. 1405–1412
al-'Adil al-Musta'in
A.H. 815 / A.D. 1412
al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
A.H. 815–824 / A.D. 1412–1421
al-Muzaffar Ahmad
A.H. 824 / A.D. 1421
Tatar
A.H. 824 / A.D. 1421
al-Salih Muhammad
A.H. 824–825 / A.D. 1421–1422
Barsbay
A.H. 825–841 / A.D. 1422–1437
Yusuf
A.H. 841–842 / A.D. 1437–1438
al-Zahir Jaqmaq
A.H. 842–857 / A.D. 1438–1453
'Uthman
A.H. 857 / A.D. 1453
Inal
A.H. 857–865 / A.D. 1453–1461
al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad
A.H. 865 / A.D. 1461
Khushqadam
A.H. 865–872 / A.D. 1461–1467
Bilbay
A.H. 872 / A.D. 1467–1468
Timurbugha
A.H. 872 / A.D. 1468
al-Ashraf Qayitbay
A.H. 872–901 / A.D. 1468–1496
al-Nasir Muhammad
A.H. 901–903 / A.D. 1496–1498
Qansuh
A.H. 903–905 / A.D. 1498–1500
Janbalat
A.H. 905–906 / A.D. 1500–1501
al-'Adil Tuman Bay
A.H. 906 / A.D. 1501
Qansuh al-Ghawri
A.H. 906–922 / A.D. 1501–1517
al-Ashraf Tuman Bay
A.H. 922 / A.D. 1517
Muhammad 'Ali Dynasty
A.H. 1220–1372 / A.D. 1805–1953
Muhammad 'Ali
A.H. 1220–1264 / A.D. 1805–1848
Ibrahim
A.H. 1264 / A.D. 1848
'Abbas I
A.H. 1264–1270 / A.D. 1848–1854
Sa'id
A.H. 1270–1280 / A.D. 1854–1863
Isma'il
A.H. 1280–1296 / A.D. 1863–1879
Tawfiq
A.H. 1296–1309 / A.D. 1879–1892
'Abbas II Hilmi
A.H. 1309–1333 / A.D. 1892–1914
Husayn Kamil
A.H. 1333–1335 / A.D. 1914–1917
Ahmad Fu'ad I
A.H. 1335–1355 / A.D. 1917–1936
Faruq
A.H. 1355–1371 / A.D. 1936–1952
Fu'ad II
A.H. 1371–1372 / A.D. 1952–1953
Arabian Peninsula
Ziyadid Dynasty
A.H. 204–409 / A.D. 819–1018
Ya'furid Dynasty
A.H. 247–387 / A.D. 861–997
Qaramita Dynasty
A.H. 281–5th century / A.D. 894–11th century
Zuray'id Dynasty
A.H. 476–569 / A.D. 1083–1173
Najahid Dynasty
A.H. 412–551 / A.D. 1021–1156
Mahdid Dynasty
A.H. 554–569 / A.D. 1159–1173
Sulayhid Dynasty (Yemen)
A.H. 439–532 / A.D. 1047–1138
'Ali ibn Muhammad
A.H. 439–459 / A.D. 1047–1067
al-Mukarram Ahmad
A.H. 459–477 / A.D. 1067–1084
al-Mukarram 'Ali
A.H. 477–484 / A.D. 1084–1091
al-Mansur Saba'
A.H. 484–492 / A.D. 1091–1099
al-Sayyida Arwa
A.H. 492–532 / A.D. 1099–1138
Hamdanid Dynasty (San'a')
A.H. 492–569 / A.D. 1098–1173
Ayyubid Dynasty: see above under Egypt, Ayyubid Dynasty (Yemen)
Rasulid Dynasty (Yemen)
A.H. 626–858 / A.D. 1229–1454
al-Mansur 'Umar I
A.H. 626–647 / A.D. 1229–1250
al-Muzaffar Yusuf I
A.H. 647–694 / A.D. 1250–1295
al-Ashraf 'Umar II
A.H. 694–696 / A.D. 1295–1296
al-Mu'ayyad Da'ud
A.H. 696–721 / A.D. 1296–1322
al-Mujahid 'Ali
A.H. 721–764 / A.D. 1322–1363
al-Afdal al-'Abbas
A.H. 764–778 / A.D. 1363–1377
al-Ashraf Isma'il I
A.H. 778–803 / A.D. 1377–1400
al-Nasir Ahmad
A.H. 803–827 / A.D. 1400–1424
al-Mansur 'Abdullah
A.H. 827–830 / A.D. 1424–1427
al-Ashraf Isma'il II
A.H. 830–831 / A.D. 1427–1428
al-Zahir Yahya
A.H. 831–842 / A.D. 1428–1439
al-Ashraf Isma'il III
A.H. 842–845 / A.D. 1439–1442
al-Muzaffar Yusuf II
A.H. 845 / A.D. 1442
Tahirid Dynasty (Yemen)
A.H. 850–923 / A.D. 1446–1517
Rassid Zaydi Imams
A.H. 246–680 / A.D. 860–1281
Qasimid Zaydi Imams
A.H. 1000–1382 / A.D. 1592–1962
al-Qasim al-Mansur
A.H. 1000–1029 / A.D. 1592–1620
Muhammad al-Mu'ayyad I
A.H. 1029–1054 / A.D. 1620–1644
Isma'il al-Mutawakkil
A.H. 1054–1087 / A.D. 1644–1676
Muhammad al-Mu'ayyad II
A.H. 1087–1092 / A.D. 1676–1681
Muhammad al-Hadi
A.H. 1092–1097 / A.D. 1681–1686
Muhammad al-Mahdi
A.H. 1097–1128 / A.D. 1686–1716
al-Qasim al-Mutawakkil
A.H. 1128–1139 / A.D. 1716–1726
al-Husayn al-Mansur (1st reign)
A.H. 1139 / A.D. 1726
Muhammad al-Hadi al-Majid
A.H. 1139–1140 / A.D. 1726–1728
al-Husayn al-Mansur (2nd reign)
A.H. 1140–1160 / A.D. 1728–1747
al-'Abbas al-Mahdi
A.H. 1160–1190 / A.D. 1747–1776
'Ali al-Mansur (1st reign)
A.H. 1190–1221 / A.D. 1776–1806
Ahmad al-Mahdi
A.H. 1221 / A.D. 1806
'Ali al-Mansur (2nd reign)
al-Qasim al-Mahdi
A.H. 1257–1261 / A.D. 1841–1845
Muhammad Yahya
A.H. 1261–1289 / A.D. 1845–1872
[Ottoman occupation]
[A.H. 1289–1308 / A.D. 1872–1890]
Hamid al-Din Yahya
A.H. 1308–1322 / A.D. 1890–1904
Yahya Mahmud al-Mutawakkil
A.H. 1322–1367 / A.D. 1904–1948
Sayf al-Islam Ahmad
A.H. 1367–1382 / A.D. 1948–1962
Muhammad Badr
A.H. 1382 / A.D. 1962
al-Bu-Sa'id Dynasty
A.H. 1154–present / A.D. 1741–present
Rashidid Dynasty
A.H. 1248–1342 / A.D. 1832–1923
al-Sa'ud Dynasty
A.H. 1159–present / A.D. 1746–present
Muhammad ibn Sa'ud
A.H. 1159–1179 / A.D. 1746–1765
'Abd al-'Aziz I
A.H. 1179–1218 / A.D. 1765–1803
Sa'ud ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz
A.H. 1218–1229 / A.D. 1803–1814
'Abdullah ibn Sa'ud
A.H. 1229–1233 / A.D. 1814–1818
[Ottoman occupation]
[A.H. 1233–1238 / A.D. 1818–1822]
Turki
A.H. 1238–1249 / A.D. 1823–1834
Faysal I (1st reign)
A.H. 1249–1253 / A.D. 1834–1837
Khalid ibn Sa'ud
A.H. 1253–1257 / A.D. 1837–1841
'Abdullah II ibn Thunayyan
A.H. 1257–1259 / A.D. 1841–1843
Faysal I (2nd reign)
A.H. 1259–1282 / A.D. 1843–1865
'Abdullah III ibn Faysal (1st reign)
A.H. 1282–1287 / A.D. 1865–1871
Sa'ud ibn Faysal
A.H. 1287–1291 / A.D. 1871–1874
'Abdullah III ibn Faysal (2nd reign)
A.H. 1291–1305 / A.D. 1874–1887
'Abd al-Rahman ibn Faysal (Rashid gov)
A.H. 1305–1308 / A.D. 1887–1891
Rashidi occupation of Riyadh
A.H. 1308–1319 / A.D. 1891–1902
'Abd al-'Aziz II
A.H. 1319–1373 / A.D. 1902–1953
Sa'ud
A.H. 1373–1384 / A.D. 1953–1964
Faysal II
A.H. 1384–1395 / A.D. 1964–1975
Khalid
A.H. 1395–1402 / A.D. 1975–1982
Fahd
A.H. 1402–present / A.D. 1982–present
Iraq and Syria (before the Seljuqs)
Hamdanid Dynasty (Mosul)
A.H. 317–391 / A.D. 927–1000
Nasir al-Dawla al-Hasan
A.H. 317–358 / A.D. 929–969
'Uddat al-Dawla Abu Taghlib
A.H. 358–379 / A.D. 969–989
Ibrahim / al-Husayn (joint rule)
A.H. 379–391 / A.D. 989–1000
Hamdanid Dynasty (Aleppo)
A.H. 333–394 / A.D. 945–1004
Sayf al-Dawla 'Ali I
A.H. 333–356 / A.D. 945–967
Sa'd al-Dawla Sharif I
A.H. 356–381 / A.D. 967–991
Sa'id al-Dawla Sa'id
A.H. 381–392 / A.D. 991–1002
'Ali II
A.H. 392–394 / A.D. 1002–1004
Sharif II
A.H. 394 / A.D. 1004
Mirdasid Dynasty
A.H. 414–472 / A.D. 1023–1079
'Uqaylid Dynasty
A.H. 380–489 / A.D. 990–1096
Marwanid Dynasty
A.H. 372–478 / A.D. 983–1085
Mazyadid Dynasty
A.H. 350–545 / A.D. 961–1150
Inalid Dynasty
A.H. 490–579 / A.D. 1096–1183
Caucasus (before the Seljuqs)
Sajid Dynasty
A.H. 266–318 / A.D. 879–930
Musafirid Dynasty (or Sallarid Dynasty or Kangarid Dynasty)
A.H. 304–483 / A.D. 916–1090
Rawwadid Dynasty
A.H. 4th century–463 / A.D. 10th century–1071
Sharwan Shahs (First Dynasty)
A.H. 183–381 / A.D. 799–991
Sharwan Shahs (Second Dynasty)
A.H. 418–455 / A.D. 1027–1063
Sharwan Shahs (Fourth Dynasty)
A.H. 1180–1236 / A.D. 1766–1821
Shaddadid Dynasty
A.H. 340–571 / A.D. 951–1174
Dabuyid Dynasty
A.H. 40–142 / A.D. 660–760
Bawandid Dynasty (Ka'usiya line)
A.H. 45–466 / A.D. 665–1074
Bawandid Dynasty (Ispahbadiya line)
A.H. 466–606 / A.D. 1074–1210
Bawandid Dynasty (Kinkhwariya line)
A.H. 635–750 / A.D. 1238–1349
Baduspanid Dynasty
A.H. 40–1006 / A.D. 665–1599
Zaydi 'Alid Dynasty (Tabaristan)
A.H. 250–316 / A.D. 864–928
Iran (before the Seljuqs)
Tahirid Dynasty
A.H. 205–259 / A.D. 821–873
Tahir I ibn al-Husayn
A.H. 205–207 / A.D. 821–822
Talha
A.H. 207–213 / A.D. 822–828
'Abdullah
A.H. 213–230 / A.D. 828–845
Tahir II
A.H. 230–248 / A.D. 845–862
Muhammad
A.H. 248–259 / A.D. 862–873
Samanid Dynasty
A.H. 204–395 / A.D. 819–1005
Ahmad I ibn Asad ibn Saman
A.H. 204–250 / A.D. 819–864
Nasr I ibn Ahmad
A.H. 250–279 / A.D. 864–892
Isma'il I ibn Ahmad
A.H. 279–295 / A.D. 892–907
Ahmad II ibn Isma'il
A.H. 295–301 / A.D. 907–914
al-Amir al-Sa'id Nasr II
A.H. 301–331 / A.D. 914–943
al-Amir al-Hamid Nuh I
A.H. 331–343 / A.D. 943–954
al-Amir al-Mu'ayyad 'Abd al-Malik I
A.H. 343–350 / A.D. 954–961
al-Amir al-Sadid Mansur I
A.H. 350–365 / A.D. 961–976
al-Amir al-Rida Nuh II
A.H. 365–387 / A.D. 976–997
Mansur II
A.H. 387–389 / A.D. 997–999
'Abd al-Malik II
A.H. 389–390 / A.D. 999–1000
Isma'il II al-Muntasir
A.H. 390–395 / A.D. 1000–1005
Saffarid Dynasty
A.H. 253–ca. 900 / A.D. 867–ca. 1495
Ya'qub ibn Layth al-Saffar
A.H. 253–265 / A.D. 867–879
'Amr ibn Layth
A.H. 265–288 / A.D. 879–901
Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn 'Amr
A.H. 288–296 / A.D. 901–908
Layth ibn 'Ali
A.H. 296–298 / A.D. 908–910
Muhammad ibn 'Ali
A.H. 298 / A.D. 910
Buyid Dynasty (Iraq)
A.H. 334–447 / A.D. 945–1055
Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad
A.H. 334–356 / A.D. 945–967
'Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar
A.H. 356–367 / A.D. 967–978
'Adud al-Dawla Fana-Khusraw
A.H. 367–372 / A.D. 978–982
Samsam al-Dawla Marzuban
A.H. 372–376 / A.D. 983–987
Sharaf al-Dawla Shirzil
A.H. 376–379 / A.D. 987–989
Baha' al-Dawla Firuz
A.H. 379–403 / A.D. 989–1012
Sultan al-Dawla
A.H. 403–412 / A.D. 1012–1021
Musharrif al-Dawla
A.H. 412–416 / A.D. 1021–1025
Jalal al-Dawla Shirzil
A.H. 416–435 / A.D. 1025–1044
'Imad al-Din al-Marzuban
A.H. 435–440 / A.D. 1044–1048
al-Malik al-Rahim Khusraw-Firuz
A.H. 440–447 / A.D. 1048–1055
Buyid Dynasty (Fars and Khuzistan)
A.H. 322–454 / A.D. 934–1062
'Imad al-Dawla 'Ali
A.H. 322–338 / A.D. 934–949
'Adud al-Dawla Fana-Khusraw
A.H. 338–372 / A.D. 949–983
Sharaf al-Dawla Shirzil
A.H. 372–380 / A.D. 983–990
Samsam al-Dawla Marzuban
A.H. 380–388 / A.D. 990–998
Baha' al-Dawla Firuz
A.H. 388–403 / A.D. 998–1012
Sultan al-Dawla
A.H. 403–412 / A.D. 1012–1021
Musharrif al-Dawla Hasan
A.H. 412–415 / A.D. 1021–1024
'Imad al-Din Marzuban
A.H. 415–440 / A.D. 1024–1048
al-Malik al-Rahim Khusraw-Firuz
A.H. 440–447 / A.D. 1048–1055
Fulad-Sutun (Fars only)
A.H. 447–454 / A.D. 1055–1062
Buyid Dynasty (Kirman)
A.H. 324–440 / A.D. 936–1048
Mu'izz al-Dawla Ahmad
A.H. 324–338 / A.D. 936–949
'Adud al-Dawla Fana-Khusraw
A.H. 338–372 / A.D. 949–983
Samsam al-Dawla Marzuban
A.H. 372–388 / A.D. 983–998
Baha' al-Dawla Firuz
A.H. 388–403 / A.D. 998–1012
Qawam al-Dawla
A.H. 403–419 / A.D. 1012–1028
'Imad al-Din Marzuban
A.H. 419–440 / A.D. 1028–1048
Buyid Dynasty (Jibal)
A.H. 320–366 / A.D. 932–977
'Imad al-Dawla 'Ali
A.H. 320–335 / A.D. 932–947
Rukn al-Dawla Hasan
A.H. 335–366 / A.D. 947–977
Buyid Dynasty (Hamadan and Isfahan)
A.H. 366–419 / A.D. 977–1028
Mu'ayyid al-Dawla Buya
A.H. 366–373 / A.D. 977–983
Fakhr al-Dawla 'Ali
A.H. 373–387 / A.D. 983–997
Shams al-Dawla
A.H. 387–412 / A.D. 997–1021
Sama' al-Dawla
A.H. 412–ca. 419 / A.D. 1021–ca. 1028
Buyid Dynasty (Rayy)
A.H. 366–420 / A.D. 977–1029
Fakhr al-Dawla 'Ali
A.H. 366–387 / A.D. 977–997
Majd al-Dawla Rustam
A.H. 387–420 / A.D. 997–1029
Buyid Dynasty ('Uman)
A.H. 363–388 / A.D. 974–998
Dulafid Dynasty
A.H. 210–284 / A.D. 825–898
Banijurid Dynasty
A.H. 233–237 / A.D. 848–948
Qarakhanid Dynasty
A.H. 382–607 / A.D. 992–1222
Khwarazmshah Dynasty (Afrighid Dynasty)
A.H. ?–385 / A.D. ?–995
Khwarazmshah Dynasty (Ma'munid Dynasty)
A.H. 385–408 / A.D. 995–1017
Khwarazmshah Dynasty (Governors)
A.H. 408–425 / A.D. 1017–1034
Khwarazmshah Dynasty (Anushtigin Line)
A.H. 470–624 / A.D. 1077–1231
Anushtigin Gharcha'i
A.H. ca. 470–490 / A.D. ca. 1077–1097
[Turkish governor]
[A.H. 490 / A.D. 1097]
Qutb al-Din Muhammad
A.H. 490–521 / A.D. 1097–1127
'Ala' al-Din Atsiz
A.H. 521–551 / A.D. 1127–1156
Il-Arslan
A.H. 551–567 / A.D. 1156–1172
'Ala' al-Din Tekish
A.H. 567 / A.D. 1172
[rival ruler]
[A.H. 567–589 / A.D. 1172–1193]
'Ala' al-Din Muhammad
A.H. 596–617 / A.D. 1200–1220
Jalal al-Din
A.H. 617–628 / A.D. 1220–1231
Ziyarid Dynasty
A.H. 315–483 / A.D. 927–1090
Hasanwayhid Dynasty
A.H. 348–405 / A.D. 959–1014
Ilyasid Dynasty
A.H. 320–357 / A.D. 932–968
Kakuyid Dynasty
A.H. 398–443 / A.D. 1008–1051
Seljuqs and Atabegs
Great Seljuq Dynasty
A.H. 429–552 / A.D. 1037–1157
Rukn al-Dunya wa-I-Din Toghril I (Tughril)
A.H. 429–455 / A.D. 1038–1063
'Adud al-Dawla Alp-Arslan
A.H. 455–465 / A.D. 1063–1072
Jalal al-Dawla Malik Shah I
A.H. 465–485 / A.D. 1072–1092
Nasir al-Din Mahmud I
A.H. 485–487 / A.D. 1092–1094
Rukn al-Din Berk-yaruq (Barkiyaruq)
A.H. 487–498 / A.D. 1094–1105
Mu'izz al-Din Malik Shah II
A.H. 498 / A.D. 1105
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I
A.H. 498–511 / A.D. 1105–1118
Mu'izz al-Din Sanjar
A.H. 511–552 / A.D. 1118–1157
Seljuq Dynasty (Iraq)
A.H. 511–590 / A.D. 1117–1194
Seljuq Dynasty (Syria)
A.H. 471–511 / A.D. 1078–1117
Seljuq Dynasty (Kirman)
A.H. 433–583 / A.D. 1041–1187
Seljuq Dynasty (Rum): see below under Asia Minor
Burid Dynasty
A.H. 497–549 / A.D. 1104–1154
Zangid Dynasty (Mosul)
A.H. 521–619 / A.D. 1127–1222
'Imad al-Din Zangi ibn Aq Sonqur
A.H. 521–541 / A.D. 1127–1146
Sayf al-Din Ghazi I
A.H. 541–544 / A.D. 1146–1149
Qutb al-Din Mawdud
A.H. 544–564 / A.D. 1149–1169
Sayf al-Din Ghazi II
A.H. 564–572 / A.D. 1169–1176
'Izz al-Din Mas'ud I
A.H. 572–589 / A.D. 1176–1193
Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I
A.H. 589–607 / A.D. 1193–1211
'Izz al-Din Mas'ud II
A.H. 607–615 / A.D. 1211–1218
Nur al-Din Arslan Shah II
A.H. 615–616 / A.D. 1218–1219
Nasir al-Din Mahmud
A.H. 616–619 / A.D. 1219–1222
Zangid Dynasty (Aleppo)
A.H. 541–577 / A.D. 1146–1181
Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zangi
A.H. 541–569 / A.D. 1146–1174
Nur al-Din Isma'il
A.H. 569–577 / A.D. 1174–1181
Zangid Dynasty (Sinjar)
A.H. 566–617 / A.D. 1170–1220
Zangid Dynasty (Jazira)
A.H. 576–648 / A.D. 1180–1250
Begteginid Dynasty
A.H. 539–630 / A.D. 1145–1233
Artugid Dynasty (Hisn Kayfa line)
A.H. 491–629 / A.D. 1098–1232
Artugid Dynasty (Mardin line)
A.H. 497–811 / A.D. 1104–1408
Suqman Shahs
A.H. 493–604 / A.D. 1100–1207
Eldeguzid Dynasty
A.H. 531–622 / A.D. 1136–1225
Salghurid Dynasty
A.H. 543–668 / A.D. 1148–1270
Fadlawayhid Dynasty
A.H. 448–718 / A.D. 1056–1318
Hazaraspid Dynasty
A.H. 550–827 / A.D. 1155–1424
Qutlugh Khans
A.H. 619–706 / A.D. 1222–1306
Asia Minor and Turkey
Seljuq Dynasty (Rum)
A.H. 470–707 / A.D. 1077–1307
Sulayman ibn Qutlumush
A.H. 470–479 / A.D. 1077–1086
[interregnum]
[A.H. 479–485 / A.D. 1086–1092]
Qilich Arslan I
A.H. 485–500 / A.D. 1092–1107
Malik Shah
A.H. 500–510 / A.D. 1107–1116
Rukn al-Din Mas'ud I
A.H. 510–551 / A.D. 1116–1156
'Izz al-Din Qilich Arslan II
A.H. 551–588 / A.D. 1156–1192
Ghiyath al-Din Kay Khusraw I (1st reign)
A.H. 588–592 / A.D. 1192–1196
Rukn al-Din Sulayman II
A.H. 592–600 / A.D. 1196–1204
'Izz al-Din Qilich Arslan III
A.H. 600–601 / A.D. 1204
Ghiyath al-Din Kay Khusraw I (2nd reign)
A.H. 601–607 / A.D. 1204–1210
'Izz al-Din Kay Ka'us I
A.H. 607–616 / A.D. 1210–1219
'Ala' al-Din Kay Qubadh I
A.H. 616–634 / A.D. 1219–1237
Ghiyath al-Din Kay Khusraw II
A.H. 634–644 / A.D. 1237–1246
'Izz al-Din Kay Ka'us II
A.H. 644–646 / A.D. 1246–1248
Kay Ka'us II / Rukn al-Din Qilich Arslan IV (joint rule)
A.H. 646–647 / A.D. 1248–1249
Kay Ka'us II / Qilich Arslan IV / 'Ala' al-Din Kay Qubadh II (joint rule)
A.H. 647–655 / A.D. 1249–1257
Qilich Arslan IV
A.H. 655–663 / A.D. 1257–1265
Ghiyath al-Din Kay Khusraw III
A.H. 663–681 / A.D. 1265–1282
Ghiyath al-Din Mas'ud II (1st reign)
A.H. 681–683 / A.D. 1282–1284
'Ala' al-Din Kay Qubadh III (1st reign)
A.H. 683 / A.D. 1284
Ghiyath al-Din Mas'ud II (2nd reign)
A.H. 683–692 / A.D. 1284–1293
'Ala' al-Din Kay Qubadh III (2nd reign)
A.H. 692–693 / A.D. 1293–1294
Ghiyath al-Din Mas'ud II (3rd reign)
A.H. 693–700 / A.D. 1294–1301
'Ala' al-Din Kay Qubadh III (3rd reign)
A.H. 700–702 / A.D. 1301–1303
Ghiyath al-Din Mas'ud II (4th reign)
A.H. 702–704 / A.D. 1303–1305
'Ala' al-Din Kay Qubadh III (4th reign)
A.H. 704–707 / A.D. 1305–1307
Ghiyath al-Din Mas'ud III
A.H. 707 / A.D. 1307
Menqüchekid Dynasty
A.H. 464–ca. 650 / A.D. 1071–1252
Danishmandid Dynasty
A.H. 464–573 / A.D. 1071–1177
Isfendiyarid Dynasty
A.H. 690–866 / A.D. 1291–1461
Saru Khanid Dynasty
A.H. 700–813 / A.D. 1300–1410
Aydinid Dynasty
A.H. 708–829 / A.D. 1308–1425
Germiyandid Dynasty
A.H. 699–832 / A.D. 1300–1429
Hamidid Dynasty
A.H. 700–826 / A.D. 1239–1423
Menteshadid Dynasty
A.H. 700–829 / A.D. 1300–1426
Eretnaid Dynasty
A.H. 736–782 / A.D. 1335–1380
Ramadanid Dynasty
A.H. 780–819 / A.D. 1378–1416
Dhu-I-Qadrid Dynasty
A.H. 738–928 / A.D. 1337–1552
Karamanid Dynasty
A.H. 654–888 / A.D. 1256–1483
Ottoman Dynasty
A.H. 680–1342 / A.D. 1281–1924
Ertugrul
ca. A.H. 679–680 / A.D. 1280–1281
Osman
A.H. 680–724 / A.D. 1281–1324
Orhan
A.H. 724–761 / A.D. 1324–1360
Murad I
A.H. 761–791 / A.D. 1360–1389
Bayezid I
A.H. 791–805 / A.D. 1389–1403
[interregnum]
[A.H. 805–816 / A.D. 1403–1413]
Mehmet I Chelebi
A.H. 816–824 / A.D. 1413–1421
Murad II (1st reign)
A.H. 824–848 / A.D. 1421–1444
Mehmet II Fatih (1st reign)
A.H. 848–850 / A.D. 1444–1446
Murad II (2nd reign)
A.H. 850–855 / A.D. 1446–1451
Mehmet II Fatih (2nd reign)
A.H. 855–886 / A.D. 1451–1481
Bayezid II
A.H. 886–918 / A.D. 1481–1512
Selim I Yavuz
A.H. 918–926 / A.D. 1512–1520
Süleyman I Kanuni (18.70.8)
A.H. 926–974 / A.D. 1520–1566
Selim II
A.H. 974–982 / A.D. 1566–1574
Murad III
A.H. 982–1003 / A.D. 1575–1595
Mehmet III
A.H. 1003–1012 / A.D. 1595–1603
Ahmed I (44.30)
A.H. 1012–1026 / A.D. 1603–1617
Mustafa I (1st reign)
A.H. 1026–1027 / A.D. 1617–1618
Osman II
A.H. 1027–1031 / A.D. 1618–1622
Mustafa I (2nd reign)
A.H. 1031–1032 / A.D. 1622–1623
Murad IV
A.H. 1032–1049 / A.D. 1623–1640
Ibrahim
A.H. 1049–1058 / A.D. 1640–1648
Mehmet IV
A.H. 1058–1099 / A.D. 1648–1687
Süleyman II
A.H. 1099–1102 / A.D. 1687–1691
Ahmed II
A.H. 1102–1106 / A.D. 1691–1695
Mustafa II
A.H. 1106–1115 / A.D. 1695–1703
Ahmed III
A.H. 1115–1143 / A.D. 1703–1730
Mahmud I
A.H. 1143–1168 / A.D. 1730–1754
Osman III
A.H. 1168–1171 / A.D. 1754–1757
Mustafa III
A.H. 1171–1187 / A.D. 1757–1774
'Abdülhamid I
A.H. 1187–1203 / A.D. 1774–1789
Selim III
A.H. 1203–1222 / A.D. 1789–1807
Mustafa IV
A.H. 1222–1223 / A.D. 1807–1808
Mahmud II
A.H. 1223–1255 / A.D. 1808–1839
'Abdülmecid I
A.H. 1255–1277 / A.D. 1839–1861
'Abdüleziz
A.H. 1277–1293 / A.D. 1861–1876
Murad V
A.H. 1293 / A.D. 1876
'Abdülhamid II
A.H. 1293–1327 / A.D. 1876–1909
Mehmet V Reshad
A.H. 1327–1336 / A.D. 1909–1918
Mehmet VI
A.H. 1336–1341 / A.D. 1918–1922
'Abdülmecid II (caliph only)
A.H. 1341–1342 / A.D. 1922–1924
Kšprülü Wazirs
A.H. 1066–1122 / A.D. 1656–1710
Mehmet Pasha
A.H. 1066–1072 / A.D. 1656–1661
Fazil Ahmed Pasha
A.H. 1072–1087 / A.D. 1661–1676
Kara Mustafa Pasha (by marriage)
A.H. 1087–1095 / A.D. 1676–1683
Fazil Mustafa Pasha
A.H. 1101–1102 / A.D. 1689–1691
Hüseyin Pasha
A.H. 1109–1114 / A.D. 1697–1702
Nu'man Pasha
A.H. 1122 / A.D. 1710
Mongols
Great Mongols
A.H. 603–1043 / A.D. 1206–1634
Ilkhanid Dynasty
A.H. 654–754 / A.D. 1256–1353
Hülegü
A.H. 654–663 / A.D. 1256–1265
Abaqa
A.H. 663–680 / A.D. 1265–1282
Ahmad Tegüder
A.H. 680–683 / A.D. 1282–1284
Arghun
A.H. 683–690 / A.D. 1284–1291
Gaykhatu
A.H. 690–694 / A.D. 1291–1295
Baydu
A.H. 694 / A.D. 1295
Mahmud Ghazan
A.H. 694–703 / A.D. 1295–1304
Muhammad Khudabanda Öljeytü (Uljaytu)
A.H. 703–716 / A.D. 1304–1317
Abu Sa'id
A.H. 716–736 / A.D. 1317–1335
Arpa
A.H. 736–737 / A.D. 1335–1336
Musa
A.H. 737 / A.D. 1336
[rival khans]
A.H. 736–754 / A.D. 1336–1353
Golden Horde
A.H. 621–760 / A.D. 1224–1359
White Horde
A.H. 623–831 / A.D. 1226–1428
Chaghatayid Dynasty
A.H. 624–771 / A.D. 1227–1370
Khans of Kazan
A.H. 841–959 / A.D. 1438–1552
Khans of Kasimof
A.H. 854–1089 / A.D. 1450–1678
Khans of Crimea
A.H. 823–1197 / A.D. 1420–1783
Iran (after the Mongols)
Jalayirid Dynasty
A.H. 736–835 / A.D. 1336–1432
Muzaffarid Dynasty
A.H. 713–795 / A.D. 1314–1393
Injuid Dynasty
A.H. 703–758 / A.D. 1303–1357
Sarbadarid Dynasty
A.H. 758–781 / A.D. 1357–1379
Karts Dynasty
A.H. 643–791 / A.D. 1245–1389
Qara Quyunlu Dynasty
A.H. 782–873 / A.D. 1380–1468
Aq Quyunlu Dynasty
A.H. 780–914 / A.D. 1378–1508
Safavid dynasty
A.H. 907–1145 / A.D. 1501–1732
Isma'il I (2006.523)
A.H. 907–930 / A.D. 1501–1524
Tahmasp I
A.H. 930–984 / A.D. 1524–1576
Isma'il II
A.H. 984–985 / A.D. 1576–1578
Muhammad Khudabanda
A.H. 985–996 / A.D. 1578–1588
'Abbas I (57.506)
A.H. 996–1038 / A.D. 1587–1629
Safi I
A.H. 1038–1052 / A.D. 1629–1642
'Abbas II
A.H. 1052–1077 / A.D. 1642–1666
Sulayman I (Safi II)
A.H. 1077–1105 / A.D. 1666–1694
Husayn I
A.H. 1105–1135 / A.D. 1694–1722
Tahmasp II
A.H. 1135–1145 / A.D. 1722–1732
'Abbas III
A.H. 1145–1163 / A.D. 1732–1749
Sulayman II
A.H. 1163 / A.D. 1749–1750
Isma'il III
A.H. 1163–1166 / A.D. 1750–1753
Husayn II
A.H. 1166–1200 / A.D. 1753–1786
Muhammad
A.H. 1200 / A.D. 1786
Afsharid Dynasty
A.H. 1148–1210 / A.D. 1736–1795
Nadir Shah (Tahmasp Quli Khan)
A.H. 1148–1160 / A.D. 1736–1747
'Adil Shah ('Ali Quli Khan)
A.H. 1160–1161 / A.D. 1747–1748
Ibrahim
A.H. 1161 / A.D. 1748
Shah Rukh (in Khorasan)
A.H. 1161–1210 / A.D. 1748–1795
Zand Dynasty
A.H. 1163–1209 / A.D. 1750–1794
Muhammad Karim Khan
A.H. 1163–1193 / A.D. 1750–1779
Abu-I-Fath / Muhammad 'Ali (joint rulers)
A.H. 1193 / A.D. 1779
Sadiq (in Shiraz)
A.H. 1193–1195 / A.D. 1779–1781
'Ali Murad (in Isfahan)
A.H. 1193–1199 / A.D. 1779–1785
Ja'far
A.H. 1199–1203 / A.D. 1785–1789
Lutf 'Ali
A.H. 1203–1209 / A.D. 1789–1794
Qajar Dynasty
A.H. 1193–1342 / A.D. 1779–1924
Agha Muhammad
A.H. 1193–1212 / A.D. 1779–1797
Fath 'Ali Shah
A.H. 1212–1250 / A.D. 1797–1834
Muhammad
A.H. 1250–1264 / A.D. 1834–1848
Nasir al-Din (1977.683.22)
A.H. 1264–1313 / A.D. 1848–1896
Muzaffar al-Din
A.H. 1313–1324 / A.D. 1896–1907
Muhammad 'Ali
A.H. 1324–1327 / A.D. 1907–1909
Ahmad
A.H. 1327–1342 / A.D. 1909–1924
Transoxiana and Afghanistan
Timurid dynasty
A.H. 771–912 / A.D. 1370–1507
Timur
A.H. 771–807 / A.D. 1370–1405
Khalil
A.H. 807–812 / A.D. 1405–1409
Shah Rukh
A.H. 807–850 / A.D. 1405–1447
Ulugh Beg
A.H. 850–853 / A.D. 1447–1449
'Abd al-Latif
A.H. 853–854 / A.D. 1449–1450
'Abdullah
A.H. 854–855 / A.D. 1450–1451
Abu Sa'id
A.H. 855–873 / A.D. 1451–1469
Ahmad
A.H. 873–899 / A.D. 1469–1494
Mahmud ibn Abi Sa'id
A.H. 899–906 / A.D. 1494–1500
Shaybanid Dynasty
A.H. 905–1007 / A.D. 1500–1598
Janid Dynasty
A.H. 1009–1199 / A.D. 1559–1785
Mangit Dynasty
A.H. 1170–1339 / A.D. 1757–1920
Khans of Khiva
A.H. 921–1290 / A.D. 1515–1872
Ghaznavid Dynasty
A.H. 366–582 / A.D. 977–1186
Nasir al-Dawla Sebüktigin
A.H. 366–387 / A.D. 977–997
Isma'il
A.H. 387–388 / A.D. 997–998
Mahmud
A.H. 388–421 / A.D. 998–1030
Muhammad (1st reign)
A.H. 421 / A.D. 1030–1031
Mas'ud I
A.H. 421–432 / A.D. 1031–1041
Muhammad (2nd reign)
A.H. 432 / A.D. 1041
Shihab al-Dawla Mawdud
A.H. 432–441 / A.D. 1041–1050
Mas'ud II
A.H. 441 / A.D. 1050
'Ali
A.H. 441 / A.D. 1050
'Abd al-Rashid
A.H. 441–444 / A.D. 1050–1053
Qawam al-Dawla Toghril (usurper)
A.H. 444 / A.D. 1053
Farrukhzad
A.H. 444–451 / A.D. 1053–1059
Ibrahim
A.H. 451–492 / A.D. 1059–1099
Mas'ud III
A.H. 492–508 / A.D. 1099–1114
Shirzad
A.H. 508–509 / A.D. 1114–1115
Arslan Shah
A.H. 509–512 / A.D. 1115–1118
Bahram Shah
A.H. 512–547 / A.D. 1118–1152
Khusraw Shah
A.H. 547–555 / A.D. 1152–1160
Khusraw Malik
A.H. 555–582 / A.D. 1160–1186
Ghurid Dynasty
A.H. 390–612 / A.D. 1000–1215

Department of Islamic Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

October 2004

Citation

Department of Islamic Art. “List of Rulers of the Islamic World.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/isru/hd_isru.htm (October 2004)

Related

Chronology

Keywords

Artist / Maker

See Also

CLOSE
    Captions
  • Sulaiman the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey (1520–1566)
  • Portrait of Sultan Ahmet I (r. 1603–17)
  • Pen Box (Qalamdan) Depicting Shah Ismail in a Battle against the Uzbeks
  • Shah Abbas, King of Persia, from Effigie naturali dei maggior prencipi et piu valorosi capitani di questa eta con larme loro
  • Naser al-Din Shah
CLOSE

Sulaiman the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey (1520–1566)

Portrait of Sultan Ahmet I (r. 1603–17)

Pen Box (Qalamdan) Depicting Shah Isma'il in a Battle against the Uzbeks

Shah Abbas, King of Persia, from Effigie naturali dei maggior prencipi et piu valorosi capitani di questa eta con l'arme loro

Naser al-Din Shah

  • Sulaiman the Magnificent, Sultan of Turkey (1520–1566)
  • Portrait of Sultan Ahmet I (r. 1603–17)
  • Pen Box (Qalamdan) Depicting Shah Ismail in a Battle against the Uzbeks
  • Shah Abbas, King of Persia, from Effigie naturali dei maggior prencipi et piu valorosi capitani di questa eta con larme loro
  • Naser al-Din Shah
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
Related