The rapier was the principal civilian sidearm throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Designed for cut-and-thrust fencing of progressively complex techniques, the rapier is characterized by a double-edged blade with an acute point and an elaborate guard for the hand. The guards, usually of iron or steel, were subject to a variety of embellishment. They were engraved, chiseled, gilded, damascened, and encrusted in gold and silver in keeping with fashionable styles.
Unless otherwise noted, the materials, attributions, and dating given here refer to the hilts. Rapier blades, invariably of steel, bear a variety of maker’s marks denoting their origin in the two principal centers of blademaking, Toledo in Spain and Solingen in Germany.
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Artwork Details
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Title:Rapier
Sword maker:Daniele da Serravalle (Italian, Milan, active mid-sixteenth century)
Date:dated 1560
Geography:Milan
Culture:Italian, Milan
Medium:Steel, iron, gold
Dimensions:L. 34 1/2 in. (87.6 cm); L. of blade 27 1/8 in. (68.9 cm); W. 6 in. (15.2 cm); Wt. 2 lb. 14. oz. (1304.1 g)
Classification:Swords-Hunting
Credit Line:Bequest of Col. Wickliffe P. Draper, 1972
Accession Number:1973.27.2
Col. Wickliffe P. Draper, Hopedale, MA (until d. 1972; his bequest to MMA).
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Loan Exhibition of European Arms and Armor," August 3–September 27, 1931.
New York. Brooklyn Museum. "Loan Exhibition of European Arms and Armor," June 12–October 31, 1933, no. 98.
San Francisco. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. "The Triumph of Humanism: A Visual Survey of the Decorative Arts of the Renaissance," October 22, 1977–January 8, 1978.
Mössel, Georg. Catalog der reichhaltigen Kunst- & Antiquitäten-Sammlung des Herrn Antiquars Georg Reichl. Munich: Georg Mössel, April 13–16, 1885. no. 459, ill. (arms on blade identified as belonging to Nuremberg patrician Muffel v. Eschenau, who died in 1569).
Ehrenthal, Max von. Führer Durch das Königliche Historische Museum zu Dresden. 3rd ed. Dresden: Wilhelm Baensch, 1899. p. 86, no. 357 (rapier with blade inscribed "Danielo me fecit in Castelo Melano 1479," presumably a reference to Danielo da Serravalle).
Christie, Manson & Woods. Catalogue of the Important Collection of Objects of Art, Antiquities, Armour and Arms Formed by S.E. Kennedy, Esq.. London: Christie, Manson & Woods, March 18–22, 1918. p. 9, no. 38, ill. (M.M.A. sword sold for 300 guineas).
Laking, Guy Francis, Charles A. de Cosson, and Francis Henry Cripps-Day. A Record of European Armour and Arms Through Seven Centuries. Vol. IV. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1920–1922. p. 312, fig. 1374 (M.M.A. sword, then in Whawell coll., said to have been made for Philip II of Spain).
Schmid, W. M. "Passauer Waffenwesen." Zeitschrift für Historische Waffenkunde, Zeitschrift für Historische Waffen- und Kostümkunde, 8 p. 336 (Passau marks; mark on our blade closest to no. 9, belonging to an unknown Passau bladesmith ca. 1520–40).
Cripps-Day, Francis Henry. A Record of Armour Sales, 1881–1924. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1925. p. 167, fig. 88.
Grancsay, Stephen V. Loan Exhibition of European Arms and Armor: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, August 3 to September 27, 1931. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1931. p. 40, no. 142, ill. (lent by W.P. Draper).
Grancsay, Stephen V., and Brooklyn Museum. Loan Exhibition of European Arms and Armor. Brooklyn: Brooklyn Museum, June–August 1933. no. 98 (lent by W.P. Draper).
Wallace Collection and James G. Mann. European Arms and Armour: Text with Historical Notes and Illustrations. Wallace Collection, Vol. 2. London: William Clowes and Sons Ltd., 1962. p. 360, no. A708, pl. 131.
Boccia, Lionello G., and Eduardo T. Coelho. Armi Bianche Italiane. Milan: Bramante Editrice, 1975. p. 375, no. 409 (M.M.A. sword described and ill.).
Nickel, Helmut. "Arms and Armor." In The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Notable Acquisitions, 1965–1975. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975. p. 44, ill.
Grancsay, Stephen V., D. Graeme Keith, and Dr. Charles Avery. The Triumph of Humanism: A Visual Survey of the Decorative Arts of the Renaissance. San Francisco: Legion of Honor, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1977. p. 87, no. 118.
Wallace Collection and A.V.B. Norman. European Arms and Armour Supplement. Wallace Collection Catalogues. London: Printed for the Trustees by Balding + Mansell, 1986. pp. 159–160, no. A708 (information about Daniele de Serravalle; our sword mentioned,"it's construction does not inspire confidence in its authenticity").
Pyhrr, Stuart W. "S. J. Whawell and the Art Market." The Eleventh Park Lane Arms Fair: Sunday 6th February 1994: the Marriott Hotel, Grosvenor Square, London W1: 10.30 AM–6.00 PM p. 23 (provenance of this piece mentioned, provenance of this sword, illustrated in Laking, Fig. 1374, discussed).
Vello, Michele, and Fabrizio Tonin. "Pietro da Formegan, Spadaio Bellunese." Armi Antiche (2020), p. 48, n. 51.
Stamped with the armorer's name, LIONARDO (Italian, probably active in Milan, ca. 1440)
ca. 1440
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