This plaque, part of an ensemble including four plaques with the symbols of the evangelists and a central roundel with the crucifixion, probably from a book cover, can be securely attributed to the celebrated pilgrimage abbey of Saint Foy at Conques, France's richest surviving repository of medieval goldsmith's work. Several of the rare works dispersed from the abbey's treasury in the nineteenth century share with others still in situ a technique, style, and palette uniquely combined during the abbacy of Bégon III in the late eleventh century. For these pieces the monk goldsmiths employed superimposed copper plaques, the lower one to receive the delicate cloisons that define features and drapery, the upper one cut to delineate the silhouettes of the figures and the cross. Hallmarks of the style include the single cloison used to define eyebrows and noses and the thin loop of gold that creates cowlicks. In the Metropolitan's reconstituted ensemble, the same remarkable oxblood color was used for the symbol of Saint Luke and the hair of the image of the Sun ("Sol") above the Crucifixion. Furthermore, scientific analysis has determined that common enamel compositions and the same metallic oxides were used to tint and opacify all five pieces.
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Artwork Details
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Title:Plaque with the Symbol of the Evangelist Luke
Date:ca. 1100
Geography:Made in Conques, France
Culture:French
Medium:Copper: cut and gilt; champlevé and cloisonné enamel: black, lapis and lavender blue, turquoise, green, red, white, pinkish white, semi-translucent wine red.
Dimensions:Overall: 4 x 2 7/16 x 1/8in. (10.1 x 6.2 x 0.3cm)
Classification:Enamels-Champlevé & Cloisonné
Credit Line:Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917
Object Number:17.190.428
Inscription: Inscription: LVCAS.
Hôtel Drouot, Paris (November 10, 1853, no. 120) (?); comte de Clermont-Gallerande(until 1864); his sale, Hôtel Drouot, Paris (April 18-20, 1864, no. 10, to Spitzer); [ Frédéric Spitzer (Austrian), Paris (from 1864)]; Sigismond Bardac, Paris (in 1900); Georges Hoentschel (French)(before 1911); J. Pierpont Morgan (American), London and New York (until 1913)
New York. The Cloisters Museum & Gardens. "Spanish Medieval Art," December 15, 1954–January 30, 1955.
Art Gallery, University of California, Santa Barbara. "A Medieval miscellany Romanesque and early Gothic metalwork: an exhibition on the occasion of the 1974 annual meetings of the Medieval Association of the Pacific," February 14, 1974–February 28, 1974.
Paris. Musée du Louvre. "L'Oeuvre de Limoges," October 23, 1995–January 22, 1996.
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Enamels of Limoges, 1100-1350," January 22–June 16, 1996.
Biblioteca Nacional Spain. "De Limoges a Silos," November 15–December 30, 2001.
Paris. Musée du Louvre. "La France romane au temps des premiers Capétiens, 987–1152," March 10, 2005–June 6, 2005.
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Catalogue d'une collection d'objets d'art et de curiosité...le tout composant le cabinet de feu M. le comte de Clermont. Paris: Hôtel Drouot, April 18-20, 1864. no. 10, p. 5.
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Breck, Joseph, and Meyric R. Rogers. The Pierpont Morgan Wing: A Handbook. 1st ed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1925. p. 58.
Breck, Joseph, and Meyric R. Rogers. The Pierpont Morgan Wing: A Handbook. 2nd ed. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1929. p. 58.
Walter L. Medieval Spanish Enamels and Their Relation to the Origin and the Development of Copper Champlevé Enamels of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. London: Oxford University Press, 1936. pp. 60–62, pl. XI.
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Souchal, Geneviève. "Autour des plaques de Grandmont: Une famille d'émaux limousins champlevés de la fin du XIIe siècle." Bulletin Monumental 125, no. 1 (1967). pp. 45–46, fig. 13.
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Lasko, Peter. Ars Sacra, 800-1200. 2nd ed. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994. p. 303, n.19, n. 23.
Taburet-Delahaye, Elisabeth, and Barbara Drake Boehm, ed. L'Oeuvre de Limoges: Emaux limousins du Moyen Age. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1995. no. 6, pp. 76–77.
Boehm, Barbara Drake, and Elisabeth Taburet-Delahaye, ed. Enamels of Limoges, 1100-1350. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996. no. 6, pp. 76–77.
Boehm, Barbara Drake. "'Magníficamente Trabajado y Excelente': el Gusto por la Obra de Limoges en la Europa Medieval." In De Limoges a Silos, edited by Joaquín Yarza Luaces. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Cultural Exterior, 2001. p. 28.
Luaces, Joaquín Yarza, ed. De Limoges a Silos. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Cultural Exterior, 2001. no. 3–6, pp. 58–60.
Taburet-Delahaye, Elisabeth. "Los Inicios de los Esmaltes en Aquitania." In De Limoges a Silos, edited by Joaquín Yarza Luaces. Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Cultural Exterior, 2001. p. 40.
Gaborit-Chopin, Danielle, ed. La France romane au temps des premiers Capétiens (987-1152). Paris: Musée du Louvre Editions, 2005. no. 285, p. 374.
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