Exhibition dates: October 19, 2004 – April 3, 2005
Exhibition location: Michael C. Rockefeller Wing, first floor
Press preview: Monday, October 18, 10:00 - noon
An exhibition of more than 40 ceramic sculptures made in the western region of Mexico two thousand years ago will open at The Metropolitan Museum of Art on October 19, 2004. The volcanic highland areas of the contemporary Mexican states of Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit are the source of the three-dimensional sculptures that portray ancestors, warriors, ballplayers, dancers, and musicians, among other depictions of life and ritual. Ranging in size from a few inches to about two-and-a-half feet in height, the sculptures in Heritage of Power: Ancient Sculpture from West Mexico – The Andrall E. Pearson Family Collection are drawn from holdings that emphasize the human figure, and its activities and concerns.
Most of the works in the exhibition are promised gifts to the Metropolitan Museum from Andrall and Joanne Pearson. All of the sculptures on loan are courtesy of the Andrall E. Pearson Family, including Mr. and Mrs. Pearson, as well as their daughter and son-in-law, Jill Pearson Rappaport and Alan Rappaport.
West Mexico is an environmentally diverse region that enjoyed a lengthy period of well-being during the centuries between 300 B.C. and A.D. 400. Its ancient inhabitants settled primarily in the mountains of Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental, with its volcanoes, lake basins, river valleys, marsh lands, and natural corridors in and out, and had an abundance of natural resources upon which to draw, and eventually to thrive. Local hierarchies developed and power concentrated in fewer and fewer hands. That power came to be focused, it is believed, on land and its inheritance. Wealthy members of individual communities are thought to have established family lineages that remained intact for many generations. Reverence for ancestors was fundamental to the region, and can be seen in the ceramic sculptures that accompanied important
family members in death. The many West Mexican sculptures in the form of male-female couples are believed to reflect such family ties, either as depictions of founding ancestors or as reaffirmations of the continuity of the line.
Three major style areas make up the main body of West Mexican ceramic sculpture, all of which are represented in the Pearson Family Collection. The three styles correspond to the Mexican states of Colima, Jalisco, and Nayarit, with which they are associated and for which they are named. Within each of these large groups there are numerous styles, with Comala, Ameca-Ezatlÿn, and Ixtlÿn del Río the primary examples. Collector Andrall Pearson noted that although he and his wife were initially drawn to the sculptures of Colima for their appealing and realistic qualities, "as time went on, it became apparent that the Nayarit and Jalisco cultures offered equally wonderful examples of creativity and artistic uniqueness." Salient stylistic differences exist among the three groups, but they all share major aspects of imagery and underlying ideology. The sculptures, in tonalities that grade from beige to a deep brown-red, are finished with a range of closely hued and variously textured surfaces, indicative of the great control and awareness of the ceramic (fired clay) medium the ancient West Mexicans achieved.
A strong preference for the human figure is present in the works on display. The figures are depicted in activities that vary from contemplation to warfare to ballplaying. The ancient Mexican game, played with a hard rubber ball, had ritual as well as competitive significance, and ballplayer representations were common. The ballplayers, done in the Ameca-Etzatlÿn style of Jalisco (100 B.C. - A.D. 300), are shown presenting the large ball chest-high in front of them. Warriors, too, are a significant theme, and those on display, also in Ameca-Etzatlÿn style, are encased in body armor and wield impressive spears. With imposing patterns painted on their faces, the stocky figures stare out belligerently from under the low brims of protective hats, ready for action. Group activities are also present, as in an architectural model in Nayarit's Ixtlÿn del Río style (100 B.C. - A.D. 200). Twenty-six small figures that appear throughout the house are engaged in an elaborate feast in honor of the dead. The feasting takes place in various rooms in the two-story dwelling, with celebrants holding clearly visible plates and jars.
A number of ancestor pairs, or marriage pairs as they are also called, are included in Heritage of Power. These images of male-female couples are thought to be the depictions of the founders of the family dynasties. They are known in a variety of styles and differing attitudes, including one of introspection. There are pairs that stand on their own feet, some sit with legs crossed, others are upon stools, a sign of high rank. There are pairs that are joined, others that are not. The couples in the exhibition are in the Ixtlÿn del Río style of Nayarit (100 B.C.- A.D. 200) and the Coahuayana style of Colima (A.D. 100-400), among others.
The catalogue accompanying the exhibition is written by Kristi Butterwick, a specialist in the ceramic art and sculpture of ancient West Mexico, and a curator at Foothills Art Center in Golden, Colorado. The catalogue is published by The Metropolitan Museum of Art and distributed by Yale University Press. It will be available in the Museum's bookshops for $19.95 (paperback).
Heritage of Power is organized by Julie Jones, Curator in Charge of the Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. Exhibition design is by Jeremiah Gallay, Design Assistant to the Chief Designer, with graphic design by Barbara Weiss, Graphic Designer, and lighting by Clint Ross Coller and Richard Lichte, Lighting Designers, all of the Museum's Design Department.
A variety of education programs will be presented in conjunction with the exhibition, including lectures and gallery talks, and the exhibition will be featured on the Museum's Web site (www.metmuseum.org).
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