The Metropolitan Museum of Art - How to Read Chinese Paintings

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How to Read Chinese Paintings

Hearn, Maxwell K. (2008)

This title is in print.

Description

The Chinese way of appreciating a painting is often expressed by the words du hua, "to read a painting." How does one do that? Because art is a visual language, words alone cannot adequately convey its expressive dimension. How to Read Chinese Paintings seeks to visually analyze thirty-six paintings and calligraphies from the encyclopedic collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in order to elucidate what makes each a masterpiece.

Maxwell K. Hearn's elegantly erudite yet readable text discusses each work in depth, considering multiple layers of meaning. Style, technique, symbolism, past traditions, historical events, and the artist's personal circumstances all come into play. Spanning more than a thousand years, from the eighth through the seventeenth century, the subjects represented are particularly wide-ranging: landscapes, flowers, birds, figures, religious subjects, and calligraphies. All illuminate the main goal of every Chinese artist: to capture not only the outer appearance of a subject but also its inner essence. Numerous large color details, accompanied by informative captions, allow the reader to delve further into the most significant aspects of each work.

Together the text and illustrations gradually reveal many of the major themes and characteristics of Chinese painting. To "read" these works is to enter a dialogue with the past. Slowly perusing a scroll or album, one shares an intimate experience that has been repeated over the centuries. And it is through such readings that meaning is gradually revealed.

Table of contents

Acknowledgments
Dynastic Chronology
Map: China's Cultural Heartland
How to Read Chinese Paintings
Introduction

Dragon Steed

Portraying Talent

Exquisite Discipline

The Vastness and Multiplicity of Creation

Landscape of Emotion

Magic Realism

The Subtle Subversive

Expressive Freedom in Banishment

Envisioning Introspection

Evocative Abbreviation

A Private World

Dream Vision

The Zen of Painting

The Perfection of Nature

Identification with Nature

Archaism as Activist Art

Painting as Calligraphy

Controlled Spontaneity

Iron-Wire Lines

Meticulous Miniaturist

The Integration of Poetry, Painting, and Calligraphy

Pictorial Diary I: Hard Times

Pictorial Diary II: Contentment at Life's End

Conceptual Landscape

Visionary Mountains

Escapist Fantasy

Imagining an Ideal World

Martial Virtue

Proud Defiance

Portraiture as Archetype

Physiognomy as Art

Holy Grotesques

A Declaration of Faith

The Artifice of Art

Landscape as Self-Portrait

Less is More

Notes
Further Reading
Photograph Credits

About the authors

Maxwell K. Hearn is Douglas Dillon Curator, Department of Asian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Among his previous publications are Splendors of Imperial China: Treasures from the National Palace Museum, Taipei (1996); Along the Riverbank: Chinese Painting from the C. C. Wang Family Collection (with Wen C. Fong, 1999); and Cultivated Landscapes: Chinese Paintings from the Collection of Marie-Hélène and Guy Weill (2002).

Press reviews

The Art Book

"... more than just an exhibition catalogue. It is an important signpost for scholars and patrons of Chinese art and in particular contributes to the emerging debates about the positioning of Chinese art in an overarching global canon. ... it explains clearly the correct way of interpreting and comparing the changes of styles and messages contained within the art itself. The text has an outstanding consistency in that it builds and informs without being overly elaborate. Each plate is supported by the text to full effect. ... The subdividing of the plates with helpful headings and supporting text is a distinct quality of this book and assists the reader greatly. The removal of any Western stereotyping or conventions is impressive; instead there is an invitation to think beyond the painting. ... This book is a superb cornerstone to all this and is highly recommended."

Choice Reviews Online

"Rather than being an isolated deliberation on the techniques of reading Chinese painting, it is a series of sensitive analyses of individual works that interprets Chinese paintings from many perspectives. ... the author's readings are engaging and very thorough, covering the many aspects of the works including style, history, iconography, and painting techniques."

Tags

Authors

Maxwell K. Hearn

Keywords

Asian Art, China

Print Titles

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Hearn, Maxwell K. "An Early Ming Example of Multiples: Two Versions of Elegant Gathering in the Apricot Garden." in Issues of Authenticity in Chinese Painting. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Hearn, Maxwell K. Ancient Chinese Art: The Ernest Erickson Collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987.

Hearn, Maxwell K. Cultivated Landscapes: Chinese Paintings from the Collection of Marie-Hélène and Guy Weill. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Hearn, Maxwell K. How to Read Chinese Paintings. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.

Hearn, Maxwell K. "Modern Chinese Painting, 1860–1980: Selections from the Robert H. Ellsworth Collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 58, no. 3 (Winter, 2000–01). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.

Hearn, Maxwell K. Splendors of Imperial China: Treasures from the National Palace Museum, Taipei. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

Hearn, Maxwell K. "The Arts of Ancient China." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 32, no. 2 (1974). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1974.

Hearn, Maxwell K., and Judith G. Smith, eds., with contributions by Julia F. Andrews, Qianshen Bai, Jonathan Hay, Lothar Ledderose, Richard Vinograd, Wan Qingli, David Der-wei Wang, and Eugene Y. Wang. Chinese Art: Modern Expressions. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001.

Hearn, Maxwell K., and Wen C. Fong. Along the Riverbank: Chinese Paintings from the C. C. Wang Family Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Hearn, Maxwell K., ed., with Wen C. Fong, Chin-Sung Chang, and Maxwell K. Hearn. Landscapes Clear and Radiant: The Art of Wang Hui (1632–1717). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.

Hoi-chiu, Tang. Nobility and Virtue. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010.

Jayne, Horace H. F. "A Note on a Chinese Stele." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 6, no. 4 (December, 1947). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1947.

Jing, Anning. "The Yuan Buddhist Mural of the Paradise of Bhaisajyaguru." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991.

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Le Corbeiller, Clare. "Chinese Export Porcelain." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 60, no. 3 (Winter, 2003). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.

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Leidy, Denise Patry, and Donna Strahan. Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010.

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Lippe, Aschwin. "A Digression in Natural History." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 20, no. 1 (Summer, 1961). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1961.

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Lippe, Aschwin. "The Edwin C. Vogel Collection of Chinese Porcelain." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 16, no. 5 (January, 1958). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1958.

Lippe, Aschwin. "The Hidden Treasures of China: A Visit to Formosa." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 14, no. 2 (October, 1955). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1955.

Lippe, Aschwin. "The Waterfall." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 12, no. 3 (November, 1953). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1953.

Liu, Shi-yee. Straddling East and West: Lin Yutang, a Modern Literatus: The Lin Yutang Family Collection of Chinese Painting and Calligraphy. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007.

Mailey, Jean. "A Feng Huang in a Rock Garden: A Ming K'O-SSU panel." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 20, no. 1 (Summer, 1961). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1961.

Mailey, Jean. "Ancestors and Tomb Robes." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 22, no. 3 (November, 1963). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1963.

Mailey, Jean. The Manchu Dragon: Costumes of the Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644–1912. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Great Bronze Age of China. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Treasures from the Bronze Age of China: An Exhibition from The People's Republic of China. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.

Morse, Earl. "On Collecting Chinese Painting." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 29, no. 3 (November, 1970). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Murck, Alfreda. "A Chinese Garden Court: The Astor Court at The Metropolitan Museum of Art." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 38, no. 3 (Winter, 1980–81). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1980.

Murck, Alfreda, and Wen C. Fong, eds. Words and Images: Chinese Poetry, Calligraphy, and Painting. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991.

Nickel, Helmut. "The Dragon and the Pearl." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1991.

Phillips, John Goldsmith. "Chinese Lowestoft in the Helena Woolworth McCann Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 4, no. 6 (February, 1946). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1946.

Priest, Alan. "Chinese Art Treasures." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 20, no. 1 (Summer, 1961). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1961.

Priest, Alan. "Chinese Bronzes." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 4, no. 4 (December, 1945). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1945.

Priest, Alan. "Chinese Landscape in Miniature." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 3 (November, 1942). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1942.

Priest, Alan. "Insects: The Philosopher and the Butterfly." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 10, no. 6 (February, 1952). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1952.

Priest, Alan. "Landscapes: Green and Blue." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 9, no. 7 (March, 1951). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1951.

Priest, Alan. "Modern Chinese Paintings." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 6 (February, 1943). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1943.

Priest, Alan. "Mr. Kao and Miss Chang." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 2, no. 7 (March, 1944). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1944.

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Priest, Alan. "Phoenix in Fact and Fancy." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 2 (October, 1942). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1942.

Priest, Alan. "Portraits of the Court of China." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 5 (January, 1943). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1943.

Priest, Alan. "Prepare for Emperors." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 2, no. 1 (Summer, 1943). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1943.

Priest, Alan. "River—For An Elder Brother." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 5, no. 7 (March, 1947). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1947.

Priest, Alan. "Southern Sung Landscapes: The Album Leaves." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 8, no. 8 (April, 1950). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1950.

Priest, Alan. "Southern Sung Landscapes: The Hanging Scrolls." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 8, no. 6 (February, 1950). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1950.

Priest, Alan. "Southern Sung Landscapes: The Horizontal Scrolls." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 8, no. 7 (March, 1950). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1950.

Priest, Alan. "Spring Festival on the River." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 6, no. 10 (June, 1948). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1948.

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Priest, Alan. "Two Dated Wood Sculptures of the Ming Dynasty." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 1 (Summer, 1942). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1942.

Priest, Alan. "Unnatural History." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 1, no. 9 (May, 1943). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1943.

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Smith, Judith G., and Wen C. Fong, eds., with contributions by Richard M. Barnhart, James Cahill, Wen C. Fong, Robert E. Harrist, Jr., Maxwell K. Hearn, Hironobu Kohara, Sherman Lee, Stephen Little, Qi Gong, Shih Shou-chien, Jerome Silbergeld, and Wan-go Weng. Issues of Authenticity in Chinese Painting. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.

Standen, Edith Appleton. "Embroideries in the French and Chinese Taste." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 13, no. 4 (December, 1954). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1954.

Standen, Edith Appleton. "Few but Choice: Some Recent Accessions of European Textiles." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New ser., v. 18, no. 10 (June, 1960). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1960.

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Watt, James C. Y., and Denise Patry Leidy. Defining Yongle: Imperial Art in Early Fifteenth-Century China. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.

Watt, James C. Y., with Maxwell K. Hearn, Denise Patry Leidy, Zhixin Jason Sun, John Guy, Joyce Denney, Birgitta Augustin, and Nancy S. Steinhardt. The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010.

Online Titles

Brown, Kathryn Selig. "Life of the Buddha." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Brown, Kathryn Selig. "Tibetan Buddhist Art." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Carboni, Stefano and Qamar Adamjee. "The Legacy of Genghis Khan." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Dehejia, Vidya. "Buddhism and Buddhist Art." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Chinese Cloisonné." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Chinese Gardens and Collectors' Rocks." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Han Dynasty (206 B.C.–220 A.D.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Lacquerware of East Asia." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Landscape Painting in Chinese Art." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "List of Rulers of China." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Nature in Chinese Culture." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Neolithic Period in China." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Painting Formats in East Asian Art." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386–589)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Qin Dynasty (221–206 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Scholar-Officials of China." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Tang Dynasty (618–906)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Department of Asian Art. "Zen Buddhism." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hearn, Maxwell. "Chinese Painting." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hearn, Maxwell K. "The Qing Dynasty (1644–1911): Loyalists and Individualists." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hearn, Maxwell K. "The Qing Dynasty (1644–1911): Painting." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hearn, Maxwell K. "The Qing Dynasty (1644–1911): The Courtiers, Officials, and Professional Artists." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Hearn, Maxwell K. "The Qing Dynasty (1644–1911): The Traditionalists." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

"Jiahu (ca. 7000–5700 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Moore, J. Kenneth. "The Pipa." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Moore, J. Kenneth. "The Qin." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Moore, J. Kenneth. "The Rag-dung (Cloisonné Trumpets)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.

Titles by author (24)