NARRATOR: There’s a diverse array of objects in front of you: cabinets, chairs, tapestries, and paintings and they have one thing in common: nostalgia for a simpler time—Many include images of the natural world (flora and fauna), and romantic medieval scenes (such as castles and gardens, lovers and angels). Their older, traditional construction techniques are often left visible, in places like the joints.

The “Backgammon Players” cabinet, for example, features lovers playing a board game with flowers at their feet, and is crafted in fine punched-leather: a medieval specialty.

But why would 19th century artists “go backwards” like this—hundreds of years—to feature Medieval imagery and production methods? To express a clear and even revolutionary intention in what came to be known as the arts and crafts movement. Meet the movement's guru, William Morris.

WILLIAM MORRIS: I determined to do no less than to transform the world with beauty.

NARRATOR: Morris was a designer and writer, but also a social activist–He was passionate about reviving traditional designs and handicrafts, in whose simplicity he saw integrity. He believed industrialization had brought little but cold, mechanical production.

WILLIAM MORRIS: If you want a golden rule that will fit everything, this is it: have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful.

NARRATOR: Morris was also a powerful political voice in socialist circles, strongly opposed to the tidal wave of cheaply manufactured goods flooding England, and the dangerous working conditions that mistreated unskilled laborers—many of them children.

WILLIAM MORRIS: If I have succeeded in some small way, if only in one small corner of the world, amongst the men and women I love, then I shall count myself blessed, and blessed, and blessed, and the work goes on.

NARRATOR: Impracticality ultimately killed the Arts and Crafts movement: hand-made high-end objects were just too expensive for a wider audience. His romantic ideals and design influence, however, are still with us: witness today’s renewed interest in artisanal goods and furniture and the continued popularity of many of his designs.