The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History presents a thematic, chronological, and geographical exploration of global art history through The Met collection. Authored by The Met’s experts, the digital publication is a reference, research, and teaching tool conceived for students and scholars of art history. The Timeline currently comprises more than 1,000 essays, 8,000 works of art, 300 chronologies, and 3,700 keywords. It is regularly updated and enriched to provide new scholarship and insights on The Met collection.
The Timeline is structured with four components. Essays focus on specific themes in art history, including artistic movements and periods, archaeological sites, empires and civilizations, recurrent themes and concepts, media, and artists. Works of Art celebrate human creativity from around the world and from all eras, and are contextualized chronologically, geographically, and thematically. Chronologies provide a linear outline of art history by geographical region. Each chronology includes up to ten representative works of art, a timeline, an overview, and key events. Keywords—categorized by art movement and style, artists and makers, geography (present-day nation states and historical regions), time period, material and technique, object, and subject matter—further connect chronologies, essays, and works of art.
The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History is funded by the Heilbrunn Foundation, New Tamarind Foundation, and Zodiac Fund.
Additional support is provided by Cynthia and John S. Reed.
Editors Elizabeth A. Weinfield, Philomena Mariani
Imaging Editor Heather Johnson
Rights and Permissions Julie Zeftel
Mark B. Abbe, Daniel Kurt Ackermann, Qamar Adamjee, Jane Adlin, Hwi-Joon Ahn, Maryan Ainsworth, Molly Aitken, Yasmine Al-Saleh, Ellenor Alcorn, James Allen, Denise Allen, Susan Allen, Stijn Alsteens, Ian Alteveer, Dita Amory, Charlotte Appleyard, Atteqa Ali, Alice Apley, Jeffrey Arkenberg, Rebecca Arkenberg, Dieter Arnold, Dorothea Arnold, Julie Arslanoglu, Joan Aruz, Giovanna Assenso-Termini, Birgitta Augustin, Laura Auricchio, Kevin J. Avery, Heather Awan, Katharine Baetjer, Carmen Bambach, Michele Bambling, Elizabeth E. Barker, Peter Barnet, Carrie Rebora Barratt, Michael Barry, Andrea Bayer, Lawrence Becker, Kurt Behrendt, Adrienne Baxter Bell, Peter Bell, Agnes Bencze, Kim Benzel, Hélène Bernier, Monika Bincsik, Yaëlle Biro, George Bisacca, Geoffrey Blundell, Rachel Boate, Barbara Drake Boehm, Andrew Bolton, Alexander Ives Bortolot, Dirk H. Breiding, Nichole N. Bridges, Sarah Brooks, Kathryn Selig Brown, Elizabeth Bryan, Emily Caglayan, Angela Campbell, Thomas P. Campbell, Sheila Canby, Rebecca Capua, Stefano Carboni, John Carpenter, Cristina Carr, Danielle Carrabino, Sarah Cartwright, Emily Casey, Julien Chapuis, Caitlin Chaves Yates, Beth Dincuff Charleston, Neela Chatterjee, Keith Christiansen, Megan Cifarelli, Elizabeth Cleland, Jean Clottes, Heather Colburn Clydesdale, Bryan Cockrell, Julia Cohen, Jacob Coley, Paul Collins, Oriole Cullen, Caroline M. Culp, Elyssa Da Cruz, Magdalena Dabrowski, Giada Damen, Malcolm Daniel, Vidja Dehejia, Dawn Delbanco, Joyce Denney, Walter Denny, Jayson Kerr Dobney, James Doyle, James David Draper, Mindell Dubansky, Christopher Dueker, Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi, Caitlin C. Earley, Lauren Ebin, Maryam Ekhtiar, Douglas Eklund, Lisa Ellis, Geoff Emberling, Helen C. Evans, Jean Evans, Vincent Falivene, Everett Fahy, Jennifer Farrell, Christina Ferando, Mia Fineman, Ross Finocchio, Peggy Fogelman, Barbara B. Ford, Monique Fowler-Paul, Blair Fowlkes-Childs, Tony Frantz, Alice Cooney Frelinghuysen, Joyce Fung, Susan Elizabeth Gagliardi, Kathryn Calley Galitz, Michael Gallagher, Christine Giuntini, Jessica Glasscock, Madeleine Glennon, Sigrid Goldiner, George R. Goldner, Cybèle Gontar, Shoki Goodarzi, Jared Goss, Sarah Graff, Andrew Greene, Randall Griffey, Alexandra Griffith Winton, Sarah Guérin, John Guy, Navina Haidar Haykel, Charlotte Hale, Robert Hallman, Elizabeth Hammer-Munemura, Benjamin Hebbert, Medill Higgins Harvey, Maxwell K. Hearn, Johanna Hecht, Morrison H. Heckscher, Suzanne Heim, Colette Hemingway, Seán Hemingway, Paul Hemple, Keely Heuer, Herbert Heyde, Nancy Highcock, Marsha Hill, Melanie Holcomb, Lisa Hostetler, Lyle Humphrey, Eileen Hsu, Theresa Huntsman, Edward A. Hunter, Timothy B. Husband, Eleanor Soo-ah Hyun, Sara Ickow, Colta Ives, David Jaffee, Catherine Jenkins, J. Stewart Johnson, Julie Jones, Susan Jones, Yumiko Kamada, Janice Kamrin, Sylvie Kandé, Cindy Kang, Laurence B. Kanter, Kiki Karoglou, Sinéad Kehoe, Nora Kennedy, Trinita Kennedy, Ellen Kenney, Peter M. Kenny, Hae Yeun Kim, Heidi King, Daniëlle O. Kisluk-Grosheide, Laura S. Klar, Harold Koda, Wolfram Koeppe, Steven M. Kossak, Eric Kjellgren, Elizabeth Knott, Linda Komaroff, Elizabeth Mankin Kornhauser, Jessa Krick, Deborah Krohn, Emma Kronman, Annie Labatt, Alisa LaGamma, Donald J. La Rocca, Alison Langmead, Soyoung Lee, Denise Patry Leidy, Marco Leona, Francesca Leoni, Sarah Lepinski, J. H. Leopold, Martin Lerner, William S. Lieberman, Amy Liebster, Walter Liedtke, Christopher S. Lightfoot, Rebecca Lindsey, Charles T. Little, Ian Lockey, Joseph Loh, Kent Lydecker, Katherine Manthorne, Marijn Manuels, C. Griffith Mann, Philomena Mariani, Justin Marquis, Richard Martin, Taryn Matusik, Elizabeth Marwell, Mark McDonald, Rosalind McKever, Jessie McNab, Constance McPhee, Jennifer Meagher, Joan R. Mertens, Lisa M. Messinger, Cora Michael, Salwa Mikdadi, Terry Satsuki Milhaupt, Elizabeth J. Milleker, Iris Moon, J. Kenneth Moore, Claudia Moser, Rachel Mundy, Yoshinori Munemura, Nazanin Hedayat Munroe, Jeffrey Munger, Miyeko Murase, Maya B. Muratov, Anne Murphy, Jessica Murphy, Kevin Murphy, Denise Murrell, Oscar White Muscarella, Rachel Mustalish, Nicole Myers, Marden Nichols, Alison Manges Nogueira, Michael Norris, Monica Obniski, Adela Oppenheim, Nadine M. Orenstein, Sara Oshinsky, Maddalena Paggi, Pia Palladino, Giulia Paoletti, Rachel Parikh, James Parker, Diana Craig Patch, Stella Paul, Rebecca Peabody, Amelia Peck, Julia Perratore, Elena Phipps, Carlos A. Picón, Joanne Pillsbury, Lisa Pilosi, Elena Pischikova, Michiel C. Plomp, Stewart S. Pollens, Marla Prather, Shannon Price, Wendy Powers, Stuart W. Pyhrr, Tara Prakash, Rebecca A. Rabinow, Katherine Raff, Olga Raggio, Yelena Rakic, Jan Reeder, Eva Reifert, Nancy Reinhold, Sabine Rewald, William Rieder, Samantha Rippner, Matthew Robb, Allen Roda, Catharine Roehrig, Julia Rooney, Jason Rosenfeld, Jeff L. Rosenheim, Nan Rosenthal, Emma George Ross, Karen Rubinson, Allison Rudnick, Elizabeth M. Rudy, Edmund Ryder, Matthew Saba, Frances Gruber Safford, Miriam Said, Xavier Salomon, Britany Salsbury, Margaret Samu, Jonathan Santa Maria Bouquet, Marika Sardar, Beth Saunders, Ruth Schenkel, Wendy Schoenfeld, Alice W. Schwarz, Deborah Schorsch, Vanessa Sellers, Michael Seymour, Marjorie Shelley, Suzan Slominski, Nicole Slovak, Judith G. Smith, Kenneth Soehner, Jean Sorabella, Jack Soultanian, Amy Sowder, Ira Spar, Femke Speelberg, Freyda Spira, Catherine Springer, Mary Sprinson de Jesús, Perrin V. Stein, Susan Alyson Stein, Wendy A. Stein, Courtney Stewart, Richard E. Stone, Anne L. Strauss, Courtney A. Stewart, Isabel Stünkel, Michael Suing, Elizabeth Sullivan, Zhixin Jason Sun, Luke Syson, Daira Szostak, Geoffrey Taylor, Laura Anne Tedesco, Denise-Marie Teece, Pierre Terjanian, Wendy Thompson, Whitney Thompson, Gary Tinterow, Thayer Tolles, Matthew Thurlow, Rosemarie Trentinella, Jennifer Udell, Suzanne G. Valenstein, Barbara Veith, Clare Vincent, Nicholas C. Vincent, Rashmi Viswanathan, James Voorhies, Jennifer Wagelie, Sheena Wagstaff, Daniel Walker, Ronald Wallenfels, Ian Wardropper, Masako Watanabe, James C.Y. Watt, Melinda Watt, Edith Watts, Virginia-Lee Webb, Melinda Webber, Beth Carver Wees, Emma Wegner, H. Barbara Weinberg, Elizabeth A. Weinfield, Daniel Wheeldon, Veronica White, Francesca Whitlum-Cooper, Elizabeth Williams, Margaret Williams, Anna Willmann, Kristen Windmuller-Luna, Jacob Wisse, Linda Wolk-Simon, Aida Wong, Nancy Wu, Lucy von Brachel, Suzan Yalman, Sylvia Yount, Florica Zaharia, and Karin Zonis
The Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History has involved countless individuals since its inception in 2000.
Executive Production
Andrea Bayer, Thomas P. Campbell, Philippe de Montebello, Deborah Howes, Kent Lydecker, Teresa Russo
Editor-in-Chief
Teresa Lai
Editorial
Michael Cirigliano II, Helena Guzik, Eleanor S. Hyun, Camille Knop, Amy Liebster, Fatima Mahdi, Anne Murphy, Pac Pobric, J. Lasley Poe Steever, Laura Anne Tedesco
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Natasha Mileshina
Imaging Director
Jackie Neale
Development
CHIPS
Production
Paul Caro, Vincent Falivene, Austin Fisher, Phoebe Ford, Edward Gray, Adam Hart, Kathryn Allen Hurni, Colin Kennedy, Elaine Lee, J. Hamilton Leithauser, Thomas Ling, Michelle Ma, Justin Marquis, Steven Paneccasio, Sung Kevin Park, Anandaroop Roy, Dan Shields, Adam Squires, Indira Wiegand, Karin L. Willis
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Alyssa Anker, Micayla Bransfield, Laura Davidson, Anna DePalma, Madeleine Evans, Abigail Fisch, Jane Fischer, Daria Foner, Beata Foremna, Angelica Fox, Agnés Gallifa, Claire Gianotti, Katherine Gibson, Emily Golan, Alexis Gorby, Andrew Greene, Diana Greenwald, Jamie Hoffman, Samantha Hoover, Benjamin Jarosch, Allison Kade, Angela Kim, Bryanna Knotts, Abigail Lapin, Jessica Lempit, Casey Lesser, Ellen Leszynski, Krystal Lin, Ashira Loike, Rachel London, Raechel Lutz, Lisa Mariani, Sean McDonough, Priscilla McOstrich, Sarah Mercurio, Benjamin Miller, Becca Morgan, Jamie Morra, Kelly Mulrow, Omar Mustardo, JuWon Park, Melanie Pollock, Maira Rahman, Elisabeth Rivard, Katia Setzer, Artemis Shaw, Jean Sorabella, Ann Stepanek, Molly Taft, Serena Tchania, Alex Watkins, Chinyan Wong, Anqi Xu
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Stefano Carboni, Susan Chun, Nina McN. Diefenbach, Helen C. Evans, Peter M. Kenny, Amy O’Reilly, Doralynn Pines, Nicholas Ruocco, Teresa Russo, Kenneth Soehner
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Anna Abney, Piotr Adamczyk, Rebecca Akan, Ariel Algus, Farhan Ali, Catherine Allen, Christina Alphonso, Alexis Alvarado, Sofie Andersen, Peter Antony, Mary Arendt, Kathleen Arffmann, Anthony Askin, Damien Auerbach, Michal Bacon, Ann Bailis, Elizabeth R. Baldwin, Michael J. Baran, Linda Barba, Kit Basquin, Stephanie Oratz Basta, Mechthild Baumeister, Rachel Bean, Kay Bearman, Serena Totman Bechtel, Rachel Becker, Chad Beer, Lisa Beidel, Michael Belkin, Elizabeth Bell, Francine Belzer, Steven Bentkowski, Sarah Bergh, Jennifer C. Bernstein, Gowri Bettadahalli, Evelyn Bhatnagar, Deemendra Bheer, Jennifer Turner Bitterman, Katherine Blaney-Miller, Miriam Blieka, Elizabeth Block, Felicia Blum, Stephen J. Bluto, Anne Boberski, Eti Bonn, Linda Borsch, David Bowles, Ria Breed, Einar Brendalan, Christine E. 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