Between 1725 and 1729 the Venetian painter Tiepolo depicted a series of ancient Roman military victories as told in historical accounts—one of which is quoted in the banner flying overhead here: "The people of Rome behold Jugurtha, laden with chains." Proud, even defiant, the African king Jugurtha dominates the composition, while the Roman general Marius rises from a chariot. This triumphal procession that paraded captors, prisoners, and loot—including sculpture, metalwork, and carpets—occurred in 104 BCE. Tiepolo daringly presented his subject pouring out of a towering vertical format and inserted a self-portrait along the left edge. The painting is one in a series that acted as a kind of political theater in the palazzo of a Venetian diplomatic and military family.
#5092. The Triumph of Marius
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5092. The Triumph of Marius
124. The Director's Tour, Second Floor: The Triumph of Marius, Part 1
Dimensions:Irregular painted surface, 220 x 128 5/8 in. (558.8 x 326.7 cm)
Classification:Paintings
Credit Line:Rogers Fund, 1965
Accession Number:65.183.1
This work depicts the triumphal procession of the Roman general Gaius Marius, in his chariot, with the defeated African king Jugurtha, in chains, walking before him, an event that took place in 104 B.C. It is from a series of ten monumental canvases of scenes from Roman history that Tiepolo painted for the grand reception room of the Palazzo Dolfin in Venice. Dating from about 1726–29, the works remained in situ until 1872. In addition to the three in The Met (65.183.1, 65.183.2, 65.183.3), five are in the Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, and two in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
The illusionistic architectural framework surrounding the recesses into which the paintings were set dictated the irregular profiles of the canvases, altered when they were removed from the palace in 1872 and restored in the cases of those now in Vienna and New York. The recesses still survive, making a definitive reconstruction of the arrangement of the cycle possible. To either side of the main doorway were the two squarish battle scenes, The Capture of Carthage and The Battle of Vercellae, both in The Met, while opposite them to either side of the center window were the two narrow canvases depicting The Death of Lucius Junius Brutus and Hannibal Contemplating the Head of Hasdrubal, both in Vienna. A sort of triptych appeared on each of the two shorter walls, with the Museum's Triumph of Marius flanked by Fabius Maximus before the Roman Senate and Cincinnatus Offered the Dictatorship, both in the Hermitage, and, opposite, The Tarantine Triumph flanked by Mucius Scaevola before Porsenna and Veturia Pleading with Coriolanus, all in the Hermitage. All the canvases except for the two battle scenes were originally provided with banderoles identifying the subjects from Lucius Annaeus Florus's Epitomae de Tito Livio belorum . . . Libri II. (All the banderoles were painted over in the nineteenth century, but some have been uncovered in restoration.)
What makes these pictures so compelling as works of art is the manner in which Roman history is treated as staged theater rather than archaeological fact. To a degree, this approach was typically Venetian, but Tiepolo stands apart from his contemporaries in his insistence on narrative clarity and dramatic focus: at no point does he sacrifice intensity of expression to decorative concerns. The greatest challenge Tiepolo faced in the Ca' Dolfin canvases was the need to adapt visually complex stories to restrictive vertical picture fields, a challenge that was especially acute in this work and the other Triumph. Previously triumphs had always been shown as processions across the picture surface, but Tiepolo rotated each procession ninety degrees, so that it moves from the background into the foreground and threatens to spill out of the picture plane into the real space of the spectator.
This work is unquestionably the latest picture in the cycle, which is why it is dated and why Tiepolo included his portrait in it. The Tarantine Triumph must be among the earliest, followed by that work's two flanking canvases, and then the remaining compositions, including the battle scenes.
[2010; adapted from Christiansen 1996]
Inscription: Dated and inscribed: (upper center, on oval medallion) 1729; (top center, on cartouche, first letter probably a later addition) COPERTVM CATENIS / IVGHVRTAM / POPVLVS ROMANVS / ASPEXIT (The Roman people behold Jugurtha laden with chains. [Lucius Anneus Florus, Epitome de Tito Livio bellorum omnium annorum DCC, book 2, 36:17]); (upper left, on banner) [S]PQR
Ca' Dolfin, Venice (until 1872); Daniele III (Giovanni) and Daniele IV (Gerolamo) Dolfin, Ca' Dolfin (until both d. 1729); Dolfin family, Ca' Dolfin (1729–98); Cecilia Dolfin Lippomano, Ca' Dolfin (from 1798); by descent to Gasparo Lippomano, Ca' Dolfin (until d. 1854); his nephew, conte Giovanni Querini Stampalia, Ca' Dolfin (1854–d. 1868); [Michelangelo Guggenheim, Venice, by 1870–72; sold for 50,000 lire to von Aichholz]; Baron Eugen Miller von Aichholz, Palast Aichholz, Vienna (1872–d. 1919; his sale, Hôtel Drouot, Paris, April 15, 1876, no. 3, as "Rentrée triomphale d'Aurélien après la guerre d'Asie," 480 x 370 cm [sic], bought in); Camillo Castiglioni, Palast Aichholz, Vienna (1919–35; pledged as collateral security for a loan in 1932; transferred to Mendl in 1935); Dr. Stefan Mendl, Zürich, later New York and Saranac Lake, N.Y. (1935–d. 1955; his estate, 1955–65; sold to The Met)
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Venetian Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum," May 1–September 2, 1974, no catalogue.
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Giambattista Tiepolo, 1696–1770," January 24–April 27, 1997, no. 12e.
Vincenzo da Canal. Vita del sig. Gregorio Lazzarini Pittor Veneziano. 1732 [published as "Vita di Gregorio Lazzarini," Venice: Stamperia Palese, 1809, p. XXXIV], mentions ten paintings of varying heights in the main room of the Ca' Dolfin; does not give the artist's name; states that they depict battles and triumphs of Coriolanus along with other scenes from Roman history.
Daniele Florio. Poetici componimenti per le gloriosissime nozze di S.S.E.E. il Sig. Giovanni Delfino e la Sig. Bianca Contarini. [Venice], [1747], p. 39 [see Ref. Sohm 1986].
Jean Claude Richard, Abbé de Saint-Non. Journal entry. May–June 1761 [published in Pierre Rosenberg and Barbara Brejon de Lavergnée, "Panopticon italiano: un diario di viaggio ritrovato, 1759–1761," Rome, 1986, pp. 202, 206], mentions large frescoes [sic] in a grand salon of the Ca' Dolfin, calling them some of Tiepolo's best works made in Venice.
Pierre Jacques Onésyme Bergeret de Grancourt. Journal entry. July 23, 1774 [published in "Bergeret et Fragonard: Journal inédit d'un voyage en Italie, 1773–1774, précédé d'une étude par M. A. Tornézy," Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest 17, ser. 2 (1894), p. 386], admires the ten large paintings by Tiepolo in the Ca' Dolfin, identifying the subjects as episodes from Roman history.
Giannantonio Moschini. Della letteratura veneziana del secolo XVIII fino a' nostri giorni. Vol. 3, Venice, 1806, p. 75, calls Tiepolo's paintings in the Ca' Dolfin early works.
Giovanni Morelli. Letter to Giovanni Melli. February 21, 1872 [see Ref. Christiansen 1998], writes from Venice that "yesterday [Miller] bought ten large Tiepolo canvases from a dealer here for the price of 46,000 francs".
Giovanni Morelli. Letter to Sir Austen Henry Layard. March 5, 1872 [see Ref. Christiansen 1998], writes that the ten paintings by Tiepolo "are truly done with much spirit and brio but in the end are little more than decoration"; notes that the dealer from whom Miller bought the paintings was Michelangelo Guggenheim.
Henry de Chennevières. Les Tiepolo. Paris, [1898?], p. 18, mentions the Ca' Dolfin pictures among Tiepolo's early works.
Heinrich Modern. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Vienna, 1902, pp. 22–23, 53, states that the Ca' Dolfin came into the hands of an art dealer about twenty-five years ago, that he sold Tiepolo's paintings, and that Eugen Miller von Aichholz brought them to Vienna; adds that Miller retains five, five having later gone to Russia; calls them early works and notes the influence of Piazzetta.
Pompeo Molmenti. G. B. Tiepolo: la sua vita e le sue opere. Milan, [1909], pp. 276–77, 285 n. 13, as "Trionfo di Aureliano"; states incorrectly that Miller acquired the ten paintings in 1870, and adds that he installed the three works now in the MMA on the staircase of his palace; cites references to the pictures in letters (Museo Correr, Venice) of Luigi Ballarini, Andrea Dolfin's agent, during the period 1780–92.
Eduard Sack. Giambattista und Domenico Tiepolo: Ihr Leben und Ihre Werke. Hamburg, 1910, vol. 1, pp. 33–35, fig. 17; vol. 2, pp. 151, 203, no. 15, dates them about 1720.
E. de Liphart inLes anciennes écoles de peinture dans les palais et collections privées russes, représentées à l'exposition organisée à St.-Pétersbourg en 1909 par la revue d'art ancien "Staryé gody". Brussels, 1910, p. 38 n. 1, notes that he saw the paintings still in place in 1870, when the Ca' Dolfin was in a state of ruin; mentions that the dealer Guggenheim bought some of the contents for 20,000 lire [implying that this price includes more items than the ten Tiepolo paintings] and sold the Tiepolo pictures to Miller for 50,000 lire.
J. v. Derschau. "Tiepolos Schlachtenbilder in Wiener Privatbesitz." Der Cicerone 7 (1915), pp. 16, 20, pl. 2, as "Triumph Aurelians nach der Einnahme von Palmyra"; dates the series about 1720.
Bortolo Giovanni Dolfin. I Dolfin (Delfino) patrizii veneziani nella storia di Venezia dall'anno 452 al 1923. 2nd ed., rev. and enl. Milan, 1924, p. 187 [see Ref. Christiansen 1996].
Paolo M. Arese. "Il palazzo e la raccolta Castiglioni a Vienna." Illustrazione italiana 52 (March 29, 1925), pp. 259–60, 262, ill. pp. 261 (photograph of three MMA paintings installed on staircase) and 265, as "Il trionfo di Mario".
Giuseppe Fiocco. Venetian Painting of the Seicento and the Settecento. Florence, [1929], p. 58, dates them about 1725.
Giuseppe Fiocco. "The Castiglioni Tiepolos at Vienna." Burlington Magazine 58 (April 1931), pp. 173–74, pl. IB, as "Jugurtha led in triumph before the chariot of Marius".
"Rundschau: Wien, Neuerwerbungen der Galerie." Pantheon 7 (January 1931), p. III, ill. p. 45.
Wart Arslan. "Studi sulla pittura del primo Settecento veneziano." Critica d'arte 1 (1935–36), p. 250, dates them 1725–26.
Giulio Lorenzetti. "Tre note Tiepolesche." Rivista di Venezia 14 (August 1935), pp. 391–92.
Max Goering. Italienische Malerei des siebzehnten und achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1936, p. 31, dates them about 1720.
M. I. Shcherbacheva. Tiepolo's Pictures of the Venice Dolfino Palace at the Hermitage Museum. Leningrad [St. Petersburg], 1941, pp. 3–46, pl. 9, finds a date of 1720–25 plausible; discusses the subject matter and notes its connection with the history of the Dolfin family; mentions and illustrates an etching by Saint-Non after a drawing by Fragonard of part of this composition.
Antonio Morassi. "Novità e precisazioni sul Tiepolo—II." Le arti 4 (April–May 1942), pp. 259–64, figs. 4, 14, 15 (overall and details), dates the ten paintings about 1726–30 and discusses their history; notes the alteration in size of some of the canvases and deduces the original positions of the works from the stucco frames still in situ; identifies the self-portrait of Tiepolo in this picture.
Antonio Morassi. G. B. Tiepolo: His Life and Work. London, 1955, pp. 11–12.
Rodolfo Pallucchini. La pittura veneziana del Settecento. Venice, 1960, p. 71, accepts Morassi's [see Ref. 1942] dating of 1726–30.
Antonio Morassi. A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings of G. B. Tiepolo. London, 1962, pp. 15, 34, 66, fig. 294.
Anna Pallucchini inL'opera completa di Giambattista Tiepolo. Milan, 1968, pp. 91–92, no. 48C, ill., dates the series 1725–30.
Aldo Rizzi. Mostra del Tiepolo. Exh. cat., Villa Manin di Passariano. Vol. [1], "Dipinti."[Milan], [1971], fig. 12.
Jean Cailleux. "Tiepolo et Boucher." Celebrazioni tiepolesche: atti del Congresso internazionale di studi sul Tiepolo con un'appendice sulla mostra. Ed. Elettra Quargnal. [Milan], [1971], pp. 96, 100 n. 29, fig. 4 (cropped), dates the series probably about 1728–30, mentioning the date of 1729 appearing on this picture; discusses the alterations in the sizes of the canvases.
Burton B. Fredericksen and Federico Zeri. Census of Pre-Nineteenth-Century Italian Paintings in North American Public Collections. Cambridge, Mass., 1972, pp. 197, 482, 609.
Federico Zeri with the assistance of Elizabeth E. Gardner. Italian Paintings: A Catalogue of the Collection of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Venetian School. New York, 1973, pp. 60–63, pl. 68.
Antonio Porcella. La giovinezza di Giambattista Tiepolo. Rome, 1973, pp. 34, 39–42, 50 n. 57, pp. 55–56, fig. 54, dates the series 1725–30.
Anthony M. Clark inThe Metropolitan Museum of Art: Notable Acquisitions, 1965–1975. New York, 1975, p. 84, ill.
George Knox. "Some Notes on Large Paintings Depicting Scenes from Antique History by Ricci, Piazzetta, Bambini & Tiepolo." Atti del Congresso internazionale di studi su Sebastiano Ricci e il suo tempo. Ed. Anna Serra. [Milan], [1976?], p. 103.
Giuliana Pradella. "La decorazione pittorica di Ca' Dolfin." Master's thesis, Università degli Studi di Venezia, 1979–80, pp. 1–112, identifies Daniele IV Dolfin as the family member who commissioned the series of paintings from Tiepolo.
Arnauld Brejon de Lavergnée. Dijon, Musée Magnin: Catalogue des tableaux et dessins italiens (XVe–XIXe siècles). Paris, 1980, p. 109.
George Knox. Giambattista and Domenico Tiepolo: A Study and Catalogue Raisonné of the Chalk Drawings. Oxford, 1980, vol. 1, pp. 60–63, 65–66 n. 5, develops an earlier proposal that "The Capture of Carthage" and "The Battle of Vercellae" were painted some time after the rest of the series, dating them about 1754.
Egidio Martini. La pittura del Settecento veneto. Udine, 1982, p. 55.
Michael Levey. Giambattista Tiepolo: His Life and Art. New Haven, 1986, pp. 52–53, colorpl. 54, dates the entire series about 1729 and suggests that Tiepolo may have worked on the pictures during the winter months of the years in which he spent the summers working at Udine; notes the influence of Solimena.
Philip L. Sohm. "A New Document on Giambattista Tiepolo's Santa Fosca Residence." Arte veneta 40 (1986), p. 239 n. 13.
Alvise Zorzi. Venetian Palaces. New York, 1990, pp. 479–80.
George Knox. "Tiepolo Triumphant: The Roman History Cycles of Ca' Dolfin, Venice." Apollo 134 (November 1991), pp. 301–2, 305–6, 308–9, colorpl. I (detail), fig. 4, relates it to Tiepolo's earlier "Triumph of Aurelian" (Galleria Sabauda, Turin).
Massimo Gemin and Filippo Pedrocco. Giambattista Tiepolo: i dipinti, opera completa. Venice, 1993, pp. 60–63, 258–60, no. 87, ill., date the entire series 1726–29.
Beverly Louise Brown. Giambattista Tiepolo: Master of the Oil Sketch. Exh. cat., Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth. Milan, 1993, pp. 157–60.
Rodolfo Pallucchini. La pittura nel Veneto: il Settecento. Vol. 1, Milan, 1995, pp. 348, 352–53, fig. 570 (color).
Michael Kimmelman. "The Tiepolos Bloom Again in Face Lift at the Met." New York Times (September 8, 1995), pp. C1, C24, ill. (detail and photograph of installation).
Katharine Baetjer. European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Artists Born Before 1865: A Summary Catalogue. New York, 1995, p. 87, ill. p. 86.
Diane De Grazia inItalian Paintings of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Washington, 1996, pp. 312, 314, 316 nn. 26, 33.
Keith Christiansen et al. inGiambattista Tiepolo, 1696–1770. Ed. Keith Christiansen. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1996, pp. 2, 12, 30, 44, 49, 57, 60, 63, 79, 81, 84, 86, 92–93, 97, 99–103, 109, no. 12e, ill. (color, overall and details) [Italian ed., "Giambattista Tiepolo, 1696–1996," Milan], calls this picture definitely the latest of the series, the reason it is dated and includes the artist's self-portrait.
Beverly Louise Brown. "Giambattista Tiepolo at the Metropolitan." Apollo 145 (April 1997), p. 58.
Sergio Marinelli. "Vicende veronesi di Giambattista Tiepolo." Giambattista Tiepolo nel terzo centenario della nascita. Ed. Lionello Puppi. Padua, 1998, vol. 1, p. 43; vol. 2, p. 27, fig. 3 (detail), suggests that the figure of Marius in this painting derives from the bust of the so-called "Caracalla" (Glyptothek, Munich), first drawn by Tiepolo for Scipione Maffei's "Verona illustrata".
Valentina Conticelli. "Ca' Dolfin a San Pantalon: precisazioni sulla committenza e sul programma iconografico della 'Magnifica Sala'." Giambattista Tiepolo nel terzo centenario della nascita. Ed. Lionello Puppi. Padua, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 231–36, believes the patron was Daniele Dolfin III (Giovanni) and not Daniele IV (Girolamo), on the basis of the former's previously unpublished testament; discusses parallels between the Dolfin commissions for Udine and Venice; identifies a link between this painting and the allegorical figure of Counsel in the ceiling, suggesting the presence of a single iconographic program that informs the entire decoration of the salone, exalting civic, moral, and heroic virtues.
Monica Centanni. "Guerra e morte fraterna: il mito storico romano nelle tele di Giovambattista Tiepolo per i Dolfin." Giambattista Tiepolo nel terzo centenario della nascita. Ed. Lionello Puppi. Padua, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 267, 270, proposes a new allegorical reading of the Dolfin cycle, on the basis of a re-examination of Florus and Livy, identifying this painting as "the proud Counsel of the defeated Jugurtha"; believes the Roman victories are primarily exempla virtutis.
Keith Christiansen. "The Ca' Dolfin Tiepolos." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 55 (Spring 1998), pp. 9–60, ill. on cover and p. 2, figs. 1, 7, 8, 24, 25, 44, 54, 57, 61 (color and black and white, and color details).
Collecting Connoisseurship and the Art Market in Risorgimento Italy: Giovanni Morelli's Letters to Giovanni Melli and Pietro Zavaritt (1866–1872). Ed. Jaynie Anderson. Venice, 1999, pp. 151–52 n. 143.
Valentina Conticelli. "Il ciclo pittorico di Ca' Dolfin: Tiepolo, Mantegna e l'antico." Proporzioni, n.s., 1 (2000), pp. 181–83, 185, 187, 191, 194 n. 1, p. 196 n. 25, fig. 254, discusses the influence of Mantegna's "Triumphs of Caesar" and of ancient Roman art.
Valentina Conticelli. "Eroi, battaglie e trionfi: fonti classiche per un ciclo di Tiepolo." Fontes: rivista di filologia, iconografia e storia della tradizione classica 4–5 (2001–2), pp. 260–64, 278–79, 282–83, pl. 38b.
Filippo Pedrocco. Giambattista Tiepolo. Milan, 2002, pp. 45, 214–16, no. 61/8, ill. pp. 55 (color), 215.
Chiara Callegari inI colori della seduzione: Giambattista Tiepolo & Paolo Veronese. Ed. Linda Borean and William L. Barcham. Exh. cat., Castello. Udine, 2012, p. 152.
Caterina Furlan inI colori della seduzione: Giambattista Tiepolo & Paolo Veronese. Ed. Linda Borean and William L. Barcham. Exh. cat., Castello. Udine, 2012, p. 90.
Giuseppe Bergamini inGiambattista Tiepolo: "il miglior pittore di Venezia". Ed. Giuseppe Bergamini et al. Exh. cat., Villa Manin di Passariano. Codroipo, 2012, p. 38.
Denis Ton inGiambattista Tiepolo: "il miglior pittore di Venezia". Ed. Giuseppe Bergamini et al. Exh. cat., Villa Manin di Passariano. Codroipo, 2012, p. 221.
Kathryn Calley Galitz. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Masterpiece Paintings. New York, 2016, p. 297, no. 274, ill. pp. 259, 297 (color).
Andrea Tomezzoli inTiepolo in Milan: The Lost Frescoes of Palazzo Archinto. Exh. cat., Frick Collection. New York, 2019, pp. 69–71, 73, 76, 81 nn. 44, 47, fig. 47 (color), relates the frontal composition to Tiepolo's early "Aurelian's Triumph over Queen Zenobia" (early 1720s; Galleria Sabauda, Turin) and his "Meeting of Antony and Cleopatra" (mid-1740s; Palazzo Labia, Venice).
Dal Rinascimento al primo '900 percorso attraverso cinque secoli di pittura. Pandolfini Casa d'Aste, Florence. February 2, 2021, p. 80, under no. 35.
Elizabeth A. Pergam. "The Met's Reinstallation of Its European Paintings and Northern Renaissance Galleries Aims to Set Exhibits in Their Global Context." Burlington Magazine 166 (April 2024), p. 392, fig. 2 (color, installation view).
A chalk drawing by Fragonard in the Norton Simon Museum of Art, Pasadena, includes studies after the figures of Jugurtha and Marius in his chariot, as well as a study after a figure in The Capture of Carthage.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (Italian, Venice 1696–1770 Madrid)
ca. 1743–50
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