Khaandu (ceremonial axe)

The Yaka elaborated utilitarian objects including tools and weapons to transform them into symbols of authority and status. The blacksmith who forged this ceremonial iron axe would also have carved the wooden handle, head, and figure. The axe consists of a forged iron blade with two protruding knobs. An iron shaft attaches the blade to a carved wooden handle that depicts both a head and a full figure extending from the back of that head. The knobs on the sides of the blade suggest that the adze had a ceremonial rather than a utilitarian function. This khaandu reflects the power and authority of its bearer, who was likely a leemba (a political leader and lineage head). Diviners (ngoombu), powerful spiritual leaders, also carried such objects as part of their regalia, as did regional chiefs.

The carved head, with protruding ears and wide-open eyes, represents the head of a matrilineage, while the full figure sitting on its crown likely depicts a descendent in the matrilineal line. The Yaka trace their descent through their maternal ancestors and honor the relatives in their mother's line going back for at least three generations. Matrilineages control rights to land, used for agriculture and hunting, and protect and empower their members with the blessings of the ancestors. When displeased, they are also believed to inflict harm and misfortune. These associations underscore the khaandu's role as a symbol of lineage membership. The leemba would have carried it over his left shoulder when visiting his relatives. When carried in this position the full figure lying behind the head would have been upright and faced anyone looking at the bearer.


Enid Schildkrout, 2025
Curator Emerita, American Museum of Natural History