The Sorrow of Telemachus

These two scenes from the life of Telemachus, son of Odysseus, are based on the novel The Adventures of Telemachus, published by the influential French theologian and political theorist François Fénelon in 1699, and popular throughout Europe during the eighteenth century. Telemachus, guided by Athena in the guise of Mentor, was shipwrecked off Calypso’s island while searching for his father. In the first scene (25.110.188), Calypso's nymphs gather around Telemachus, offering him fruit, wine, and a garland of flowers. At left the elderly, bearded Mentor is led away by Calypso herself. In the second (25.110.187), Calypso silences the nymphs who have been singing Odysseus’s praises when she sees the sadness of his son.

Kauffmann describes the pictures in her Memoria delle piture (Knight 1998) and records that they were commissioned by Monsignor Onorato Caetani. The first entry is dated Naples 1782 and the second Rome 1783. Both compositions are friezes, with similarly constructed backgrounds; the prices and sizes are identical; they must have been intended as pendants.

Caetani—apostolic protonotary, savant, and writer—belonged to an ancient and noble Roman family and was a younger son. He commissioned portraits of himself from Anton Raphael Mengs in 1779, from Pompeo Batoni in 1782, and from Kauffmann in 1783. Later that year, Kauffmann was working on four large oval canvases representing allegorical figures for Caetani; these were completed in January 1784, when she submitted her bill of 858 Neapolitan ducats for five of the six works, including the two catalogued here. Nine months later, she accepted what proved to be a final commission from this collector, for a portrait of the duchessa di Corigliano with her son and his nurse (location unknown).

A smaller version of the Museum's Sorrow of Telemachus, with a somewhat different background (Vienna art market, 1998), had as a pendant Bacchus Teaching the Nymphs to Make Verses (location unknown), which Kauffmann was working on in August 1787. A larger, signed version (Bündner Kunstmuseum Chur, Switzerland), painted in 1788, had as a pendant The Departure of Adonis for the Hunt (private collection, France)

[2010; adapted from Baetjer 2009]

Monsignor Onorato Caetani, Naples and Rome (from 1783/84); [Haskard, Florence, until 1895; sold to Agnew]; [Agnew, London, 1895–99; sold to Fischof]; [Eugène Fischof, Paris, from 1899]; Collis P. Huntington, New York (until d. 1900; life interest to his widow, Arabella D. Huntington, later [from 1913] Mrs. Henry E. Huntington, 1900–d. 1924; life interest to their son, Archer Milton Huntington, 1924–terminated in 1925)

Baltimore. Walters Art Gallery. "Old Mistresses: Women Artists of the Past," April 17–June 18, 1972, no. 10.

Athens. National Pinakothiki, Alexander Soutzos Museum. "Treasures from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: Memories and Revivals of the Classical Spirit," September 24–December 31, 1979, no. 70.

Martigny. Fondation Pierre Gianadda. "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: Chefs-d'œuvre de la peinture européenne," June 23–November 12, 2006, no. 27.

Barcelona. Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya. "Grandes maestros de la pintura europea de The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Nueva York: De El Greco a Cézanne," December 1, 2006–March 4, 2007, no. 22.

Forlì. Musei San Domenico. "Ulisse: L'Arte e il mito," May 19–October 31, 2020, unnumbered cat. (ill. p. 290).

Victoria Manners and G. C. Williamson. Angelica Kauffmann, R.A.: Her Life and Her Works. repr., 1976. London, 1924, pp. 143–44, records entries from the artist's Memorandum of Paintings including this work made for "Don Honorato Gaetani" in Rome between September 1783 and January 1784, "a picture of three english feet ten, by two feet nine—representing Telemachus in the Grotto of Calypso when the Goddess makes her Nymphs cease their song of praise to Ulysses, as she sees that Telemachus is getting sad. . . . Paid for in Neapolitan ounces, 100, which is about 120 Zecchini".

Estelle H. Ries. "Angelica Kauffmann." Arts & Decoration 28 (November 1927), ill. p. 48.

Josephine L. Allen and Elizabeth E. Gardner. A Concise Catalogue of the European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1954, p. 56.

Eleanor Tufts. Our Hidden Heritage: Five Centuries of Women Artists. New York, 1974, p. 119, fig. 66.

Donna G. Bachmann and Sherry Piland. Women Artists: An Historical, Contemporary and Feminist Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J., 1978, ill. p. 117.

James David Draper and Joan R. Mertens. Treasures from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: Memories and Revivals of the Classical Spirit. Exh. cat., National Pinakothiki, Alexander Soutzos Museum. Athens, 1979, p. 198, no. 70, ill. p. 197 (color), mention the source as Fénelon's "Les Aventures de Télémaque".

Anthony Morris Clark. Studies in Roman Eighteenth-Century Painting. Ed. Edgar Peters Bowron. Washington, 1981, p. 132, fig. 165, as commissioned by Caetani.

Paul Lang in Bündner Kunstmuseum Chur: Gemälde und Skulpturen. Chur, 1989, p. 34, refers to Peter Walch, who considers our painting the primary version of the subject.

Bettina Baumgärtel. ". . . ihr werten Frauenzimmer, auf!". Exh. cat., Roselius-Haus. Bremen, 1993, p. 89.

Katharine Baetjer. European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Artists Born Before 1865: A Summary Catalogue. New York, 1995, p. 192, ill.

Bettina Baumgärtel in Angelika Kauffmann. Ed. Bettina Baumgärtel. Exh. cat., Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany, 1998, p. 393.

Carlo Knight. La "Memoria delle piture" di Angelica Kauffman. [Rome], 1998, p. 19, no. 46, transcribes the entry from Kauffmann's Memorandum of Paintings in the original Italian.

Mary Vidal. "David's 'Telemachus and Eucharis': Reflections on Love, Learning, and History." Art Bulletin 82 (December 2000), p. 718 n. 28.

Katharine Baetjer in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: Chefs-d'œuvre de la peinture européenne. Exh. cat., Fondation Pierre Gianadda. Martigny, 2006, pp. 17, 148, 150–52, no. 27, ill. (color) [Catalan ed., Barcelona, 2006, pp. 17, 84, 86–87, no. 22, ill. (color)].

Katharine Baetjer. British Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1575–1875. New York, 2009, pp. 139–42, no. 63, ill. (color).

Alessandro Malinverni in Ulisse: L'arte e il mito. Ed. Gianfranco Brunelli et al. Exh. cat., Musei San Domenico, Forlì. Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, 2020, pp. 412–13, ill. p. 290 (color).