Prague, 1347–1437

Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV gilded Prague’s royal towers “so that they might powerfully shine and gleam at a far distance in fair weather.”
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Saints Procopius and Adalbert, Tempera and gold leaf on panel, Bohemian
Bohemian
ca. 1340–50
The Prayer Book of Bonne of Luxembourg, Duchess of Normandy, Jean Le Noir , and Workshop French, Tempera, grisaille, ink, and gold on vellum, French
Jean Le Noir
before 1349
Head of a Bearded Man, Anonymous, Bohemian, 14th century  Bohemian, Pen and gray-brown ink, brush and gray-black and brown wash, traces of white gouache highlights
Anonymous, Bohemian, 14th century
1360–80
Medallion with the Face of Christ, Baltic amber with traces of paint, Polish
Polish
ca. 1380–1400
Jasper Cup with Gilded-Silver Mounts, Jasper, silver gilt mount and foot, Bohemian
Bohemian
ca. 1350–80
Pietà (Vesperbild), Limestone with polychrome highlight, Bohemian
Bohemian
ca. 1400
Ewer, Jasper body, silver-gilt mounts, Bohemian
Bohemian
ca. 1350–80 (ewer); ca. 1400 (mounts)
Orphrey Panels from a Chasuble, Silk and metal thread, Bohemian
Bohemian
early 15th century
Bifolium with Christ in Majesty in an Initial A, from an Antiphonary, Tempera, gold, and ink on parchment, Bohemian
Bohemian
ca. 1405
Bust of the Virgin, Terracotta with paint, Bohemian
Bohemian
ca. 1390–95
Head of a Woman, Anonymous, Bohemian, 15th century  Bohemian, Watercolor on vellum
Anonymous, Bohemian, 15th century
ca. 1405–10
Ceremonial Arrowhead, Steel, copper alloy, Bohemian, probably Prague
Bohemian, probably Prague
1437–39
Infantry Shield (Pavise), Wood, leather, gesso, silver foil, polychromy, Bohemian, possibly Chomutov (now Czech Republic)
Bohemian, possibly Chomutov (now Czech Republic)
ca. 1450
View of the City of Prague, Johannes Wechter  German, Etching
Multiple artists/makers
1606
Beaker, Glass, Bohemian
Bohemian
ca. 1830–20th century

When first described by an envoy of the caliph of Córdoba in the tenth century, Prague was already a town at a crossroads, bustling with international merchants trading tin, fur, currency, and slaves. But it was the arrival in 1333 of Charles of Luxembourg, the Bohemian prince raised at the court of France, that triggered Prague’s emergence as one of Europe’s great capitals and cultural centers. First as king of Bohemia and then as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles set out to make his city on the banks of the Vltava the rival of Paris, and of Rome. In the panorama of the city created in the seventeenth century (), and still today, it is Charles’ city that defines and dominates the fairy tale skyline (). He ordered renovations to his castle, wanting to “demonstrate the magnificence of the glory of his kingdom of Bohemia, since princes, administrators and nobles were pouring in to visit him from all parts of the world.” According to his chronicler Beneš Krabice of Weitmile, Charles gilded the royal towers “so that they might powerfully shine and gleam at a far distance in fair weather.”

Son of the king of Bohemia and grandson of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was an erudite and devout prince, educated in Paris and bound by kinship to the courts of Europe (). After he assumed his father’s throne in 1347, he transformed Prague into a royal capital, with a distinctively Bohemian character (). Within a year of his coronation as king of Bohemia, the painters of Prague established the Brotherhood of Saint Luke, with members coming from France, Italy, and Germany, as well as Czech lands. Painters, “because of their art,” were exempt from military service! The confraternity’s ranks included specialists in other media, including manuscript illuminators, stained-glass painters (among whom three women are named in this period), sculptors, and mirror makers. The names of Prague’s goldsmiths similarly attest to the international character of artists at work in the city, including natives of Czech lands, Germany, and Greece.

Charles founded the first university in central Europe, and initiated a massive building campaign to glorify Saint Vitus Cathedral. When Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1355, court and church commissions redoubled in Prague, his beloved castle at nearby Karlstejn, and throughout his vast empire (); (), (). When Charles IV died, artists lined the bridge of the city to honor him as the funeral procession passed.

Charles’ son Wenceslas IV assumed the throne in 1378, but found himself increasingly embroiled in political and religious turmoil. Notwithstanding these circumstances, and Wenceslas’ weaknesses as a ruler, art in Bohemia reached its apogee during his reign. The monumental commissions of his father’s reign continued at the cathedral under the direction of the cathedral chapter, and at the university, with Wenceslas’ personal support, and in the king’s own castles. In Prague, the disparate artistic traditions Charles had brought from across Europe coalesced into a distinctive aesthetic known as “The Beautiful Style” (); () that informed works of art across a wide swath of central Europe and in a variety of materials (); (); (), informed, in part, by artists’ use of model books and drawings (such as (), and this Vienna model book).

Wenceslas’ half brother Sigismund, king of Hungary and later Holy Roman Emperor, succeeded to the throne of Bohemia in 1419. Because of the unrest that continued there, however, he maintained his court in Buda. Like his father and brother before him, Sigismund lavishly decorated his residences and commissioned sumptuous works of art. Only in 1436–37, the final year of his life, did he at last gain control of Prague (); ().


Contributors

Barbara Drake Boehm
Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

February 2014


Further Reading

Boehm, Barbara Drake, and Jiri Fajt, eds., with contributions by Robert Suckdale, Paul Crossle, Zoe Opacic, Vivian B. Mann, Gerhard Schmidt, Jan Royt, and Erno Marosi. Prague, The Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005. See on MetPublications


Citation

View Citations

Boehm, Barbara Drake. “Prague, 1347–1437.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/prag/hd_prag.htm (February 2014)