Born in Augusta, Georgia, in 1930 and raised in South Carolina, Jasper Johns moved in 1949 to New York City, where he enrolled in a commercial art school for two semesters. Back in New York, following his service in the army (ca. 1950–51), Johns became acquainted with artist Robert Rauschenberg, composer John Cage, and dancer Merce Cunningham. By the mid- to late 1950s Johns had already achieved fame with his paintings of targets, numerals, and American flags, and his work was exhibited in prominent museums and galleries in New York. "White Flag" of 1955, recently acquired by the Metropolitan from the artist's own collection, exemplifies Johns's early style, which engendered a wide range of subsequent art movements, among them Pop Art, Minimal Art, and Conceptual Art. During the 1950s and 1960s Johns frequently appropriated well-known images (such as targets, flags, and beer cans), elevating them to cultural icons. Throughout his oeuvre — which includes painting, prints, drawings, and sculpture — images are constantly recycled and combined in extensive series. In his later compositions of the 1970s, Johns filled the surface of his pictures with colorful cross-hatchings (suggested by the passing cars on an expressway); and since the 1980s he has incorporated images that have more autobiographical significance.

"White Flag" is the largest of his flag paintings and the first in which the flag is presented in monochrome. By draining most of the color from the flag but leaving subtle gradations in tone, the artist shifts our attention from the familiarity of the image to the way in which it is made. "White Flag" is painted on three separate panels: the stars, the seven upper stripes to the right of the stars, and the longer stripes below. Johns worked on each panel separately. After applying a ground of unbleached beeswax, he built up the stars, the negative areas around them, and the stripes with applications of collage — cut or torn pieces of newsprint, other papers, and bits of fabric. He dipped these into molten beeswax and adhered them to the surface. He then joined the three panels and overpainted them with more beeswax mixed with pigments, adding touches of white oil.

The fast-setting medium of encaustic enabled Johns to make each brushstroke distinct, while the forty-eight-star flag design — contiguous with the perimeters of the canvas — provided a structure for the richly varied surface, which ranges from translucent to opaque.

The artist (1955–98)

1958: "Jasper Johns: Paintings," Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, Jan. 20 - Feb. 8, 1958.

1959: "Sixteen Americans," The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Dec. 16, 1959 - Feb. 17, 1960.

1962: "Jasper Johns," Galerie Marcelle Dupuis [Ileana Sonnabend], Paris, Nov. 15 - Dec. 31, 1962.

1964: "Jasper Johns," The Jewish Museum, New York, Feb. 16 - Apr. 12, 1964. Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, Dec. 2-31, 1964. Pasadena Art Museum, Jan. 26-Feb.28, 1965.

1965: "Three Centuries of American Art," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Apr. 19 - Oct. 17, 1965

1966: "Two Decades of American Painting," National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, Oct. 14 - Nov. 27, 1966. National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto, Dec. 10, 1966 - Jan. 27 1967. Lalit Kala Gallery, Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi, Mar. 28 - Apr.16, 1967. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, June 6 - July 8, 1967. Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, July 17 - Aug. 20, 1967.

1969: "New York Painting and Sculpture: 1940 - 1970," The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Oct. 18, 1969 - Feb. 1, 1970. (This centennial exhibition, organized by Henry Geldzahler with Kay Bearman, contained 11 paintings and 29 drawings by Johns.)

1972: Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT, long-term loan beginning Dec. 1972.

1977: "Jasper Johns," Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, Oct. 17, 1977 - Jan. 22, 1978; Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Feb. 12 - Apr. 9, 1978; Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, Apr. 30 - June 29, 1978; Seibu Museum of Art, Tokyo, July 28 - Oct.20, 1978 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Oct. 15 - Dec. 10, 1978.

1985: Kuntsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, long-term loan Sept. 1985 - September 1991.

1991: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., long-term loan Oct. 1991 - Oct. 1996.

1996: "Jasper Johns: A Retrospective," The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Oct. 20, 1996 - Jan. 21, 1997. Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Mar. 8 - June 1, 1997. Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, June 28 - Aug. 17, 1997.

1997: "Jasper Johns: Loans from the Artist," Fondation Beyeler, Riehen/Basel, Oct. 21, 1997 - Mar. 20, 1998.

Bernstein, Roberta. Jasper Johns' Paintings and Sculptures 1954 - 1974. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1985.

Beyeler, Foundation. Jasper Johns. Exh. cat., Fondation Beyeler, with an essay by Robert Rosenblum, Riehen/Basel, 1997-98.

Boudaille, Georges. Jasper Johns. New York, 1989.

Crichton, Michael. Jasper Johns. Exh. cat., Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, 1977, revised 1994.

Field, Richard S. "Jasper Johns' Flags," The Print Collector's Newsletter (July - August 1976).

Francis, Richard. Jasper Johns. New York, 1984.

Geldzahler, Henry. American Painting in the 20th Century, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1965.

Hughes, Robert. "Pictures at an Inhibition," Time, Oct. 31, 1977.

Jasper Johns. Exh. cat., The Jewish Museum, New York, 1964. Essays by John Cage and Alan R. Solomon.

Jasper Johns Flags. Exh. cat., Anthony d'Offay Gallery, London, 1996. Essay by David Sylvester.

Kozloff, Max. Jasper Johns. New York, 1969.

Miller, Dorothy. Sixteen Americans. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1959, ill. p. 25.

Orton, Fred. Figuring Jasper Johns. Cambridge, Mass., 1994.

Ratcliff, Carter. "New York Letter," Art International, Dec. 1977.

R. R. [Robert Rosenblum]. "Jasper Johns," Arts, Jan. 1958.

Rosenthal, Nan. The Drawings of Jasper Johns. Exh. cat., National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1990.

Sandler, Irving. The New York School. New York, 1978.

Steinberg, Leo. "Jasper Johns: The First Seven Years of His Art," In Other Criteria: Confrontation with Twentieth-Century Art. New York, 1972. Originally published in Metro, nos. 4/5, May 1962.

Stuckey, Charles F. "Letters: 'Johns: Yet Waving'" Art in America, 54 (May - June 1976).

Varnedoe, Kirk, with an essay by Roberta Bernstein. Jasper Johns: A Retrospective. Exh. cat., The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1996.