Cross

Since late antiquity, the cross has symbolized the Christian faith in Ethiopia and neighboring Eritrea. It appeared on coins issued by King ʿEzana, the first Aksumite ruler to convert to Christianity, in the mid-fourth century. Christian Ethiopians wore crosses around their necks, and rulers held cross-topped scepters. Beginning in late antiquity, crosses also figured in paintings and carvings in churches. Churches themselves could be built on a cross plan or dedicated to the symbol.

Based on their use, Ethiopian crosses are divided into three principal types: the processional cross, the hand cross, and the pendant cross. As displayed here, Ethiopian processional crosses appear still and bare. However, it is important to remember that they originally would have been enlivened by solemn liturgical movements. Draped in precious fabrics, surrounded by other sacred objects, and held by individuals who strove to become like angels, these crosses would have been viewed in a symbolically charged and sensorially rich environment permeated by the smell of incense and the sounds of scripture uttered aloud.