This type of fibula, used to fasten a cloak around the neck, became part of the standard insignia of military personnel during the third century A.D. This example is inscribed in Latin on the bow: HERCVLI AVGVSTE SEMPER VINCAS (May you always be victorious, Hercules Augustus!); the titles probably refer to the tetrarch Maximian, who styled himself as Hercules. The brooch would have been made at an imperial workshop and presented as a gift to a senior member of the imperial staff.
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Inscription: inscribed: "HERCVLI AVGVSTE SEMPER VINCAS'
From Arretium (modern Arezzo, Italy) (Gamurrini 1868, p. 26)
August 1866, found near Arezzo; until 1895, collection of Samuel Thomas Baxter (1810-1903), Florence, Italy; acquired in 1895, purchased from S.T. Baxter.
Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica. 1867. Bullettino dell'Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica, 6-7: p. 135.
Gamurrini, Gian Francesco. 1868. "III. Monumenti. Di una fibula aretina in oro." Bullettino dell'Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica, 1: pp. 25–30.
Bormann, Eugen. 1901. Inscriptiones Aemiliae, Etruriae, Umbriae Latinae / consilio et auctoritate Academiae Litterarum Regiae Borussicae, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, v.11, pt.2:1. no. 6711.1, p. 1171, Berolini: G. Reimerum.
Oliver, Andrew Jr. 1966. "Greek, Roman, and Etruscan Jewelry." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 24(9): pp. 283–84, fig. 31.
Noll, Rudolf. 1974. "Eine Goldene 'Kaiserfibel' aus Niederemmel vom Jahre 316." Bonner Jahrbücher, Vol. 174: no. B2, p. 232.
Noll, Rudolf. 1976. "Zur Goldenen 'Kaiserfibel' Arrezo (ehemals in Florenz)." Bonner Jahrbücher, Vol. 176: pp. 179–81, figs. 1–2.
Weitzmann, Kurt. 1979. Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century no. 275, pp. 302–3, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Higgins, Reynold. 1980. Greek and Roman Jewellery, 2nd ed.. p. 185, pl. 163b, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1987. Greece and Rome. no. 121, p. 154, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Johansen, Ida Malte. 1994. "Rings, Fibulae and Buckles with Imperial Portraits and Inscriptions." Journal of Roman Archaeology, 7: p. 227 n. 25.
Deppert-Lippitz, Barbara. 2000. "A Late Antique Crossbow Fibula in The Metropolitan Museum of Art." Metropolitan Museum Journal, 35: no. 3, pp. 46, 48–49, figs. 9a, b.
Picón, Carlos A. 2007. Art of the Classical World in the Metropolitan Museum of Art: Greece, Cyprus, Etruria, Rome no. 475, pp. 405, 499, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Campbell, Virginia L. 2017. Ancient Rome. p. 241, New York: Thames and Hudson.
Zanker, Paul, Seán Hemingway, Christopher S. Lightfoot, and Joan R. Mertens. 2019. Roman Art : A Guide through the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Collection. no. 93, pp. 181, 207, New York: Scala Publishers.
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The Museum's collection of Greek and Roman art comprises more than 30,000 works ranging in date from the Neolithic period to the time of the Roman emperor Constantine's conversion to Christianity in A.D. 312.
