This gold cap is part of a group of gold jewelry elements and cylinder seals found buried together at the ancient city of Dilbat, a site south of Babylon (47.1a-h). The cap and two others like it from the so-called “Dilbat hoard” (41.1j, 41.1k) are decorated with triangles of gold granulation. Originally, this cap would have been one of a pair that encased a cylinder seal. (The seals found in the hoard do not fit the caps.) A hole at the top of the cap suggests that the cap and its cylinder were meant to be strung and worn by the individual owner, but probably not as part of a composite ensemble represented by the hoard, which includes pendants and beads made in a range of styles and gold alloys, and executed with varying levels of craftsmanship.
Although it is rare for a cylinder to be preserved with its caps, impressions of cylinder seals showing borders of triangles indicate that the use of caps like this one became particularly popular during the Kassite period (ca. 1595-1155 B.C.). The combination of gold caps with brightly colored and highly polished cylinder seal stones would have created an appealing item of jewelry and emphasized the magical powers of the stone, which could act as a protective amulet for the wearer.
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47.1j, 47.1k, 47.1l
Artwork Details
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Title:Cylinder seal cap
Period:late Old Babylonian–early Kassite
Date:ca. 17th–16th century BCE
Geography:Mesopotamia, said to be from Dilbat
Culture:Babylonian or Kassite
Medium:Gold
Dimensions:H: 1.2 cm D: 1.2 cm
Credit Line:Fletcher Fund, 1947
Accession Number:47.1l
Ca. 1911, known and possibly purchased by Ernst Herzfeld, near Tell al-Deylam (ancient Dilbat); by 1914, collection of Frida and/or Georg Hahn, Berlin, who most probably acquired it from Ernst Herzfeld; 1939, left on deposit at the British Museum by the Hahn family; acquired by the Museum in 1947, purchased from Charlotte Weidler, New York, on behalf of Georg Hahn.
“Gold.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, April 14, 1973–September 9, 1973.
“Mit Sieben Siegeln Versehen: das Siegel in Wirtschaft und Kunst des Alten Orients.” Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Vorderasiatisches Museum, May 30, 1997–September 28, 1997.
“Babylone: à Babylone d’hier et d’aujourdhui.” Musée du Louvre, Paris, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Pergamon Museum, The British Museum, London, March 14, 2008–March 15, 2009.
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Meissner, Bruno. 1925. Babylonien und Assyrien II. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, pp. 270-271, pl. 147-148.
Van Buren, E. Douglas. 1945. “Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art.” Analecta Orientalia 23. Rome: Pontificum Institutum Biblicum, pp. 63, 73, 89.
Wilkinson, Charles K. 1949. "The Art of the Ancient Near East," The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 7, (March 1949), pp. 186-198.
Wiseman, Donald J. 1960. "The Goddess Lama at Ur," Iraq 22, pl. XXIII f,g,h.
Maxwell-Hyslop, K.R. 1971. Western Asiatic Jewelry, c.3000-612 B.C. London: Meuthen Young Books, pp. 88,145, fig. 61-65c.
Boehmer, Rainer Michael. 1972. Die Kleinfunde von Bogazkoy aus den Grabungskampagnen 1931-1939 und 1952-1969. Berlin: Mann, pp. 25- 26, fig. 13d, e.
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Liebling, Roslyn. 1978. Time Line of Culture in the Nile Valley and its Relationship to Other World Cultures. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Oates, Joan. 1979. Babylon. London: Thames and Hudson, fig. 31, p. 53.
Wolters, Jochem. 1981. "A Short History of the Art of Granulation -- II: Types and Styles," AURUM 87 (Quarterly for Jewelry Manufacturers published by International Gold Corp. Ltd), pp. 6-13, fig. 1.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1983. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide, edited by Kathleen Howard. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 54, fig. 22.
Harper, Prudence O. et al. 1984. "Ancient Near Eastern Art." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 41 (4), Spring 1984, p. 20, fig. 19.
Pittman, Holly, in collaboration with Joan Aruz. 1987. Ancient Art in Miniature: Near Eastern Seals from the Collection of Martin and Sarah Cherkasky. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 30-31, fig. 17.
Invernizzi, Antonio. 1992. Dal Tigri All'Eufrate II: Bibilonesi e Assiri. Florence: Le Lettere, p. 87, fig. 139.
Lilyquist, Christine. 1994. "The Dilbat Hoard," Metropolitan Museum Journal 29, pp. 5-36.
Kawami, Trudy. 1996. "Melammu and Puluhtu: The Aesthetic, Religious and Political Significance of the Ancient Near Eastern Shamshatu Medallion." Jewelry 1, pp. 79-91.
Klengel-Brandt, Evelyn. 1997. Mit Sieben Siegeln versehen: das Siegel in Wirtschaft und Kunst des Alten Orients, exh. cat. Berlin: Vorderasiatisches Museum, p. VX, no. 9.
Huot, Jean-Louis. 2003. American University of Beirut Archaeological Museum Newsletter 17, p. 17.
André-Salvini, Béatrice. 2008. Babylone: à Babylone d'Hier et d'Aujourd'hui. exh. cat. Paris: Musée du Louvre, p. 82, no. 39.
Marzahn, Joachim. 2008. Babylon: Mythos und Wahrheit. exh. cat. Berlin: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, p. 315.
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Includes more than 7,000 works ranging in date from the eighth millennium B.C. through the centuries just beyond the time of the Arab conquests of the seventh century A.D.
