This splendid gold roundel exemplifies the refinement of Seljuq goldsmithing by virtue of its construction and combination of techniques. The filigree on the surface is laid on a ground of thin, gold strips arranged in concentric circles, a technique influenced by contemporaneous jewelry from Syria and the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt. The object resembles a sunburst, and its central element, now lost, might have been a gem or gold dome surrounded by six stars, symbolizing the planets. It could have been sewn onto a man’s headdress, as seen in images of Seljuq grandees.
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Artwork Details
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Title:Roundel
Date:11th century
Geography:Made in Iran
Medium:Gold; filigree, granulation
Dimensions:D. 3/16 in. (0.5 cm) Diam. 2 13/16 in. (7.1 cm) Wt. 0.9 oz. (25.5 g)
Classification:Jewelry
Credit Line:The Alice and Nasli Heeramaneck Collection, Gift of Alice Heeramaneck, 1980
Object Number:1980.344
Roundel
This magnificent gold roundel exemplifies the sophistication of Seljuq gold-smithing by virtue of its construction and the combination of techniques applied to it. Because of its circular shape and the small holes perforating each of the leaf-shaped elements on its perimeter, it may have had a string, perhaps of pearls, around its periphery. This would preclude its use as a pendant, and suggests that it was attached to the wearer’s clothing or more likely his headdress, in which case each petal would have been sewn onto a support.[1] While princely figures and those in their entourage in a range of media from stucco to ceramics wear headdresses with a petal shape extending upward above the crown of the head, in the most detailed depictions these petals contain a rosette or other ornament.[2] That such rosettes were produced in simplified form across the Seljuq territories, perhaps as gold appliqués, is borne out by a stone jewelry mold acquired in Aleppo. Its incised rosettes consist of a central circle containing a round indentation surrounded by seven circles and nine petals.[3]
Assuming the jewelry mold is Syrian, it provides yet another link between the gold jewelry of Fatimid Syria and that of Seljuq Iran. In both traditions filigree is laid on a backing of gold strips—thin and arranged in concentric circles on this roundel, thicker and of variable sizes and arrangement in the Fatimid examples.[4] Given its imposing size, decorative elements, and glittering surface, this roundel may have represented the sun and planets. The central circle would originally have held a gem or possibly a larger gold domical element of the type found in the band between the stars and the outer petals. The stars around the now lost central ornament may represent the planets orbiting the sun. Such an object would have been a fitting decoration for the headdress of a privileged person, on whom it would have bestowed good fortune.
Sheila R. Canby in [Canby, Beyazit, and Rugiadi 2016]
Footnotes:
1. Islamic Jewelry in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1983. Catalogue by Marilyn Jenkins and Manuel Keene. New York, 1983, p. 53.
2. See cats. 1a–j in this volume, in particular MMA 67.119.
3. Allan, J[ames] W. “Islamic Jewellery and Archaeology.” In Islamic Jewellery. Dealer cat., Spink and Son, London, April 15–May 9, 1986. London, 1986, pp. 4–16, p. 15, fig. 72.
4. See Islamic Jewelry in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1983. Catalogue by Marilyn Jenkins and Manuel Keene. New York, 1983, pp. 52–53, for a full explanation of the construction of the roundel.
Gold Roundel
This gold roundel, like the three flexible necklace elements (MMA 1979.7.2a–c), enlarges our understanding of the nature of medieval Islamic jewelry. An object of marvelous delicacy and beauty, it is important in that it combines features associated with Iran with features previously thought confined to work produced in the Syro-Egyptian region.
Most characteristically Syro-Egyptian is the filigree construction laid on a backing of narrow strips of gold. The strips in this piece, however, are very thin and arranged in a regular radial pattern, whereas in Egyptian and Syrian Fatimid pieces (see e.g. nos. 30.95.37, .38, .39, 1974.22, 1971.165), the strips are thicker, they vary in their dimensions, and they are placed strategically to support the filigree but in such a way as to appear haphazard. Because of a denser surface in Fatimid filigree, the backing strips are less visible from the front than they are in the present piece. Another distinction is that Fatimid filigree designs are typically composed of foliate arabesques of doubled twisted wire filling variously shaped compartments, a technique that, combined with the denser surface, gives a heavier and warmer effect. There are, furthermore, no known Fatimid pieces with an element comparable to the solid sheet-constructed back or to the concentric rings of narrow sheet separating front from back.
Several features on this roundel compare closely with those on other Iranian pieces, including the S-curves terminating in circles (cf. nos. 57.88a–c and 1979.7.2a–c) and the openwork patterns of 60-degree and 120-degree lozenges similar to those on no. 1976.405, where the wires are six-petal rosettes of doubled plain round wires, and those on nos. 52.32.9, .10, where the structure is the same but the wires are twisted. Doubled plain round wires are also used on the present piece as the base on which the large hemispherical bosses rest.
The original function of this roundel is not known. There is a small hole (about 1 mm in diameter) laterally through each of the points bordering the perimeter through which a wire or string holding a pearl or precious-stone bead was almost certainly threaded. It is unlikely that the piece was a pendant since its design is radially symmetrical, and there is no indication of how it might have been attached its extreme delicacy would seem to rule out its having been attached to a belt, even a belt of cloth. Possibly it was sewn onto some article of clothing through the holes in each of its bordering points.
An identical piece, surely by the same hand, has been identified as a bracteate[1] and dated to the Achaemenid or pre-Achaemenid period, partly because it is thought to have been excavated at Assur. The diameter of the bracteate is given as 214 inches ( 64 mm), but because of the similarity of detail in the two pieces, including even the number of S-curves in the narrow borders around the central hole and around the outside of the large wire-covered bosses, one must conclude that the pieces are identical in size as well.
[Jenkins and Keene 1983]
Footnotes:
1. Pope, A. U. Masterpieces of Persian Art. New York, 1945, pl. 31 e.
.
Gold Roundel
This extremely fine ornament assumes the form of a shamsa, or "sun disc," a popular motif of Iranian art and architecture. Its precise function remaining unknown, it is believed that it may have been sewn onto some garment through the tiny holes of its bordering points. The openings may also have held small pearls or precious stone beads outlining the piece in the manner of Byzantine jewelry, these gems perhaps coordinating to the now missing stone in the center. Worn on an equally luxurious article of clothing, one can imagine that the total ensemble, made up of carefully orchstrated components, would have created an effect of overall harmony. The special significance of this object lies in the fact that it combines Iranian features with elements previously thought to be the products of Syro-Egyptian workshops. Features corresponding closely to those of other Iranian pieces include the S-curves terminating in circles (on the narrow bands and in the background field around the hemispherical bosses), the openwork lozenges made of doubled wires, and the piece's striking sense of refinement. A feature characteristic of Fatimid Egypt and Syria is the filigree box-like construction of the front, laid on a backing of narrow gold strips. Unlike Fatimid jewelry, however, the strips are very thin and they are arranged in a regular radial pattern. Moreover, the finer filigree of this roundel allows views of the backing strips from the front.
Annie Christine Daskalakis-Matthews in [Walker et al. 1994]
Marking: - Sticker in back: ex-coll. Mrs. Christian R. Holmes ("G 37")
Mrs. Christian R. Holmes (American), New York; Alice N. Heeramaneck, New York (until 1980; gifted to MMA)
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Islamic Jewelry in The Metropolitan Museum of Art," April 22–August 14, 1983, no. 24.
Mexico City. Colegio de San Ildefonso. "Arte Islámico del Museo Metropolitano de Arte de Nueva York," September 30, 1994–January 8, 1995, no. 102.
New York. Forbes Galleries. "Masterpieces of Ancient Jewelry: Exquisite Jeweled Objects from the Cradle of Civilization," September 22, 2008–December 31, 2008, p. 108.
Chicago. Field Museum of Natural History. "Masterpieces of Ancient Jewelry: Exquisite Jeweled Objects from the Cradle of Civilization," February 13, 2009–June 14, 2009, p. 108.
Paris. Institut du Monde Arabe. "Masterpieces of Ancient Jewelry: Exquisite Jeweled Objects from the Cradle of Civilization," April 19, 2010–July 25, 2010, p. 108.
New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs," April 25–July 24, 2016, no. 23.
Pope, Arthur Upham. Masterpieces of Persian Art. New York, 1945. p. 47, ill. pl. 31 (called bracteate, gold. Assur, Achaeminis, or pre-Achaeminid).
Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin vol. 38 (1980–1981). pp. 17–18, ill. (color).
Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn, and Manuel Keene. Islamic Jewelry in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1983. no. 24, pp. 52–53, ill. dust jacket, pp. 52, 53.
Welch, Stuart Cary. The Islamic World. vol. 11. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987. pp. 38–9, ill. fig. 25 (color).
Baer, Eva. "Jeweled Ceramics from Medieval Islam: A Note on the Ambiguity of Islamic Ornament." Muqarnas vol. 6 (1989). pp. 83–97, ill. fig. 18.
Burn, Barbara, ed. Masterpieces of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York; Boston: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993. p. 77, ill. (color).
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Daniel S. Walker, Arturo Ponce Guadián, Sussan Babaie, Stefano Carboni, Aimee Froom, Marie Lukens Swietochowski, Tomoko Masuya, Annie Christine Daskalakis-Matthews, Abdallah Kahli, and Rochelle Kessler. "Colegio de San Ildefonso, Septiembre de 1994–Enero de 1995." In Arte Islámico del Museo Metropolitano de Arte de Nueva York. Mexico City: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 1994. no. 102, pp. 248–49, ill. (b/w).
Price, Judith. "Exquisite Objects from the Cradle of Civilization." In Masterpieces of Ancient Jewelry. Philadelphia; London, 2008. p. 108, ill. (color).
Canby, Sheila R., Deniz Beyazit, and Martina Rugiadi. "The Great Age of the Seljuqs." In Court and Cosmos. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2016. no. 23, p. 94, ill. (color).
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